Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
sporadic
occasional or irregular
endemic
native to a region
outbreak
sudden unexpected occurrence usually limited to a segment of population
epidemic
outbreak affecting multiple populations above expected levels
pandemic
world-wide, linkages across continents
nosocomial infections
diseases from a hospital stay
point mutant
single base change
silent
base change that doesn’t change AA codon
nonsense
stop codon, ends protein early
missense
changes codon to different AA
frameshift
disrupts normal triplet reading (but insert or delete)
transformation
free acquisition and recombination
transduction
phage shuttling (the thing that looks like a space ship)
conjugation
pili mediated transfer of plasmids
transposons
jumping genes
What did Woese find?
16s rRNA, needed to make ribosomes used in PCR
restriction endonuclease (RFLP)
where they cut the DNA at specific sequences
gene therapy
replacing a bad gene with a good one
Rhinitis
common cold, sneezing scratchy throat, no fever
CC: Rhinovirus
VF: penetrate mucus, 200+ serotypes
Tx: aerosol droplet control, rest
Enterovirus D68
in the summer to October, more severe cold, can lead to acute flacid myelitis
CC: Enterovirus strains
Tx: aerosol droplet control, watch for AFM then treat it if it happens
Sinusitis
nasal congestion, headache or toothache, colored and thick discharge
CC: normal flora, mixed
VF: persistence, biofilms
Tx: broad spec antibiotics
acute otitis media
ear infections, cold symptoms and pain in ear or hearing loss bulge eardrum = AOM CC: Strep. pneumo and H. flu retraction eardrum = OM with effusion CC: viruses Tx: wait 72 hours then beta lactams
pharyngitis
strep throat, inflammation, bad breath, pain, swollen tonsils
CC: viruses
CC: strep pyogenes
VF: m protein 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 18, 19, 24
CC: fusobacterium necrophorum
can lead to lemierre’s syndrome, treat with pen
rheumatic fever
cross reaction between strep m protein and heart muscle, damage to heart valves and circulatory system
glomerulonephritis
formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the glomeruli, nephritis and kidney failure
Diptheria
URT with sore throat, lack of appetite, pseudomembrane forms on tonsils
CC: corynebacterium diphtheriae
VF: toxin
Dx: ELEK test, Chinese character gram stain
Tx: anti-toxin and pen or erythromycin
pertussis
whooping cough, severe coughing that whoops, can burst blood vessels in eyes, cause vomiting, and crack ribs
CC: bordetella pertussis
VF: tracheal cytotoxin (AB, kills nasopharynx cells)
pertussis toxin (up regulates cAMP so airway fills)
Tx: erythromycin
Croup
inflammation of URT voicebox and windpipe, barking cough, stridor with inhalation, worse at night
CC: parainfluenza virus
Dx: steeple sign
Tx: treat symptoms and monitor airflow
RSV
fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis, coughing, blueing from airway inflammation
CC: RSV
VF: syncytia
Dx: bronchial or nasal wash
Tx: possible admission to hospital and antivirals
influenza
fever, rapid onset headache, chills, dry cough, body aches, extreme fatigue
CC: orthomyxovirus types A&B
VF: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase capsid proteins (spikes)
Tx: antivirals for severe and vaccine
antigenic drift
minor changes in the shape of the epitope
antigenic shift
epitopes completely change, RNA exchange between viruses
Metapneumovirus
flu symptoms (body aches and head and chills) but influenza negative and RSV negative
CC: metapheumovirus
Dx: PCR, DFA
Tx: treat symptoms
coronaviruses
SARS and MERS, fever and cough then pneumonia and respiratory collapse
CC: coronaviruses
Dx: lab tests, PCR
Tx: supportive
tuberculosis causes
mycobacterium tuberculosis, avium intacellulare, and bovis
red snapper rods, breadcrumb colonies
VF: cord factor allows intracellular growth
Tx: cocktail treatment (RISE, RIPES, and RIPESAg)
TB stages
primary: formation of granulomas/tubercles in lungs
secondary: escape of the granuloma, cottage cheese lung then spreads
military TB: out of lungs into other tissues, lesions in spine and bone
bronchitis
extreme coughing, nasal congestion, fever, fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath
CC: virus, bacterial, environmental
Dx: bronchial wash, CXR
Tx: normally self limiting, could need admission, maybe inhalers
pneumonia
chest pain, fever, cough, discolored sputum, crackles, wails, wheezes
CAP pneumonia
CC: strep pneumo
lancet diplococci, rust colored sputum
Tx: cephalosporins
can also be H flu, neisseria spp, viral, e coli, and s aureus
HAP pneumonia
still strep at the top, then staph, p aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumo, and fecal
klebsiella pneumo: gram -, mostly in non healthy people, can go systemic, string test, bubble gum pink
atypical pneumonia
walking pneumonia, less severe pneumonia
CC: chlamydia pneumo, intracellular, biphasic lifecycle
CC: mycoplasma pneumoniae, extracellular, adhesion structure, resemble fried eggs
Tx: macrolides and tetracyclines
fungal pneumonias
aspergillus fumigatus, black mold, mostly in AIDS
Dx: lightning and broccoli
pneumocystis jirovecii: less sputum, crushed ping pong balls, ADI
Tx: Bactrim
histoplasma capsulatum: from bird dropping, bat caves, slow progression to pneumonia
Dx: small, oval budding yeasts inside macrophages
agressive pneumonia
CC: legionella pneumophila (gram -)
lives in water
legionnaires disease: headache, fever, chills, confusion, diarrhea, it leads to shock
Pontiac fever: from breathing in dead or weakened bacteria
Tx: immediate antibiotics
hantavirus
normal pneumonia with vomiting and nausea
spread by rodent droppings
