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Microbiology > Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sporadic

A

occasional or irregular

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2
Q

endemic

A

native to a region

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3
Q

outbreak

A

sudden unexpected occurrence usually limited to a segment of population

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4
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak affecting multiple populations above expected levels

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5
Q

pandemic

A

world-wide, linkages across continents

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6
Q

nosocomial infections

A

diseases from a hospital stay

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7
Q

point mutant

A

single base change

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8
Q

silent

A

base change that doesn’t change AA codon

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9
Q

nonsense

A

stop codon, ends protein early

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10
Q

missense

A

changes codon to different AA

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11
Q

frameshift

A

disrupts normal triplet reading (but insert or delete)

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12
Q

transformation

A

free acquisition and recombination

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13
Q

transduction

A

phage shuttling (the thing that looks like a space ship)

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14
Q

conjugation

A

pili mediated transfer of plasmids

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15
Q

transposons

A

jumping genes

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16
Q

What did Woese find?

A

16s rRNA, needed to make ribosomes used in PCR

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17
Q

restriction endonuclease (RFLP)

A

where they cut the DNA at specific sequences

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18
Q

gene therapy

A

replacing a bad gene with a good one

19
Q

Rhinitis

A

common cold, sneezing scratchy throat, no fever

CC: Rhinovirus
VF: penetrate mucus, 200+ serotypes
Tx: aerosol droplet control, rest

20
Q

Enterovirus D68

A

in the summer to October, more severe cold, can lead to acute flacid myelitis

CC: Enterovirus strains
Tx: aerosol droplet control, watch for AFM then treat it if it happens

21
Q

Sinusitis

A

nasal congestion, headache or toothache, colored and thick discharge

CC: normal flora, mixed
VF: persistence, biofilms
Tx: broad spec antibiotics

22
Q

acute otitis media

A 
ear infections, cold symptoms and pain in ear or hearing loss
bulge eardrum = AOM
CC: Strep. pneumo and H. flu
retraction eardrum = OM with effusion
CC: viruses
Tx: wait 72 hours then beta lactams
23
Q

pharyngitis

A

strep throat, inflammation, bad breath, pain, swollen tonsils
CC: viruses
CC: strep pyogenes
VF: m protein 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 18, 19, 24
CC: fusobacterium necrophorum
can lead to lemierre’s syndrome, treat with pen

24
Q

rheumatic fever

A

cross reaction between strep m protein and heart muscle, damage to heart valves and circulatory system

25
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the glomeruli, nephritis and kidney failure

26
Q

Diptheria

A

URT with sore throat, lack of appetite, pseudomembrane forms on tonsils

CC: corynebacterium diphtheriae
VF: toxin
Dx: ELEK test, Chinese character gram stain
Tx: anti-toxin and pen or erythromycin

27
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough, severe coughing that whoops, can burst blood vessels in eyes, cause vomiting, and crack ribs

CC: bordetella pertussis
VF: tracheal cytotoxin (AB, kills nasopharynx cells)
pertussis toxin (up regulates cAMP so airway fills)
Tx: erythromycin

28
Q

Croup

A

inflammation of URT voicebox and windpipe, barking cough, stridor with inhalation, worse at night
CC: parainfluenza virus
Dx: steeple sign
Tx: treat symptoms and monitor airflow

29
Q

RSV

A

fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis, coughing, blueing from airway inflammation

CC: RSV
VF: syncytia
Dx: bronchial or nasal wash
Tx: possible admission to hospital and antivirals

30
Q

influenza

A

fever, rapid onset headache, chills, dry cough, body aches, extreme fatigue
CC: orthomyxovirus types A&B
VF: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase capsid proteins (spikes)
Tx: antivirals for severe and vaccine

31
Q

antigenic drift

A

minor changes in the shape of the epitope

32
Q

antigenic shift

A

epitopes completely change, RNA exchange between viruses

33
Q

Metapneumovirus

A

flu symptoms (body aches and head and chills) but influenza negative and RSV negative
CC: metapheumovirus
Dx: PCR, DFA
Tx: treat symptoms

34
Q

coronaviruses

A

SARS and MERS, fever and cough then pneumonia and respiratory collapse
CC: coronaviruses
Dx: lab tests, PCR
Tx: supportive

35
Q

tuberculosis causes

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis, avium intacellulare, and bovis
red snapper rods, breadcrumb colonies
VF: cord factor allows intracellular growth
Tx: cocktail treatment (RISE, RIPES, and RIPESAg)

36
Q

TB stages

A

primary: formation of granulomas/tubercles in lungs
secondary: escape of the granuloma, cottage cheese lung then spreads
military TB: out of lungs into other tissues, lesions in spine and bone

37
Q

bronchitis

A

extreme coughing, nasal congestion, fever, fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath
CC: virus, bacterial, environmental
Dx: bronchial wash, CXR
Tx: normally self limiting, could need admission, maybe inhalers

38
Q

pneumonia

A

chest pain, fever, cough, discolored sputum, crackles, wails, wheezes

39
Q

CAP pneumonia

A

CC: strep pneumo
lancet diplococci, rust colored sputum
Tx: cephalosporins
can also be H flu, neisseria spp, viral, e coli, and s aureus

40
Q

HAP pneumonia

A

still strep at the top, then staph, p aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumo, and fecal
klebsiella pneumo: gram -, mostly in non healthy people, can go systemic, string test, bubble gum pink

41
Q

atypical pneumonia

A

walking pneumonia, less severe pneumonia
CC: chlamydia pneumo, intracellular, biphasic lifecycle
CC: mycoplasma pneumoniae, extracellular, adhesion structure, resemble fried eggs
Tx: macrolides and tetracyclines

42
Q

fungal pneumonias

A

aspergillus fumigatus, black mold, mostly in AIDS
Dx: lightning and broccoli
pneumocystis jirovecii: less sputum, crushed ping pong balls, ADI
Tx: Bactrim
histoplasma capsulatum: from bird dropping, bat caves, slow progression to pneumonia
Dx: small, oval budding yeasts inside macrophages

43
Q

agressive pneumonia

A

CC: legionella pneumophila (gram -)
lives in water
legionnaires disease: headache, fever, chills, confusion, diarrhea, it leads to shock
Pontiac fever: from breathing in dead or weakened bacteria
Tx: immediate antibiotics

44
Q

hantavirus

A

normal pneumonia with vomiting and nausea

spread by rodent droppings

Microbiology (7 decks)

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