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Veterinary Diseases > Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is dacryocystitis

A

Inflammation of lacrimal sac

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2
Q

What is epistaxis

A

Nose bleed

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3
Q

What is included in respiratory tract disease

A

Nasal disease
Laryngeal disease
Tracheal disease

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4
Q

Causes of nasal diseases

A 
Allergies
Foreign bodies
Infections
Trauma
Neoplasia 
Coagulopathies
Hypertension
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5
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease

A 
Sneezing
Facial swelling
Dyspnoea
Snorting 
Facial rubbing
Anorexia
Nasal discharge
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6
Q

Types of nasal discharge

A

Serous
Mucoid
Mucopurulent
Haemorrhagic

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7
Q

Diagnostic tests for nasal disease

A
  • History and full physical examination
  • Blood tests e.g. haematology, biochemistry, clotting profile, serology
  • radiograph / rhinoscopy
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) / computer tomography (CT)
  • nasal flush for cytology / nasal swab for culture
  • nasal biopsy and histopathy
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8
Q

Treatment for nasal disease

A

ID and correct underlying cause
Antibiotics/antifungals
Surgery
Radiotherapy

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9
Q

Nursing care for nasal disease

A 
Monitor vital and clinical signs
Admin medication prescribed by vet
Clean nose and observe discharge 
Encourage animal to eat
Isolate suspected infectious disease cases
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10
Q

Causes of laryngeal disease

A

Laryngitis
Laryngeal paralysis
Oedema
Trauma

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11
Q

Clinical signs

A 
Loss of voice
Dysphonia (change in voice)
Coughing
Increases concentration of mucus in throat 
Exercise intolerance or dyspnoea
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12
Q

Diagnostic tests for laryngeal disease

A

History and full physical examination

Laryngoscopy

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13
Q

Treatment for laryngeal disease

A 
ID and correct underlying cause
Antibiotics
Anti inflammatories
Oxygen therapy
Sedation
Tracheostomy 
Surgical correction (laryngeal paralysis)
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14
Q

Nursing care for laryngeal disease

A 
Monitor vital and clinical signs 
Admin medication/ oxygen as prescribed 
Avoid stress/excitement
Place in quiet environment 
Use harness
Restrict barking/meowing
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15
Q

Causes of tracheal disease

A

Tracheitis
Tracheal collapse
Trauma

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16
Q

Clinical signs of tracheal disease

A

Dry hacking cough
Honking noise
Exercise intolerance
Dyspnoea (tracheal collapse)

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17
Q

Diagnostic tests for tracheal disease

A 
History and full physical examination 
Radiography 
Tracheoscopy 
Tracheal wash
Transtracheal lavage
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18
Q

Treatment for tracheal disease

A

ID and correct underlying cause
Antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories
Cough linctus

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19
Q

Nursing care for tracheal disease

A 
Monitor vital and clinical signs 
Admin medication/oxygen as prescribed 
Place in quiet environment 
Avoid dry, dusty or smoky atmosphere 
Use harness
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20
Q

What is acute respiratory disease

A

Lungs are unable to function correctly. Lacking transfer of oxygen to circulation and excretion of carbon dioxide from the body tissues

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21
Q

What is a result of acute respiratory disease

A

Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and hypercapnia (elevated carbon dioxide levels)

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22
Q

Causes of acute respiratory disease

A 
Upper respiratory obstruction
Lower airway disease
Pulmonary thromboembolism 
Poisoning
Extra pulmonary causes
Respiratory muscle paralysis 
Failure of respiratory control centre
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23
Q

Clinical signs for acute respiratory disease

A 
Depends on underlying cause 
Dyspnoea 
Tachypnoea
Apnoea
Orthopnoea 
Cyanosis
Hypoxia
Tachycardia 
Weak pulse
Collapse 
Unconscious 
Death
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24
Q

How to deal with acute respiratory disease obstruction

A 
Oxygen asap
Attempt to bypass the obstruction 
If collapsed place in sternal 
Keep airway clear of secretions 
Head and neck extended with tongue pulled forward
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25
Q

Nursing care for acute respiratory disease

A 
Monitor vital and clinical signs 
Admin medication/oxygen as prescribed 
Handle patient with care
Place in quiet environment 
Keep airway clear of secretions
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26
Q

What causes chronic pulmonary disease

A 
Chronic bronchitis 
Lungworm
Pleural effusions 
Pneumonia 
Pulmonary neoplasm 
Foreign body
Asthma
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27
Q

Clinical signs of chronic pulmonary disease

A 
Chronic cough
Exercise intolerance 
Dyspnoea 
Increased respiratory noise
Breathlessness
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28
Q

Diagnostic tests for chronic pulmonary disease

A 
History and full physical examination 
Blood tests for haematology and biochemistry 
Radiograph 
Bronchoscope
Faecal analysis 
Bronchoalveolar lavage
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29
Q

Treatment for chronic pulmonary disease

A 
ID and correct underlying cause 
Antitussives
Anti inflammatories
Bronchodilators
Expectorants
Mucolytics
Antibiotics 
Anthelmintics
Limited exercise, clean atmosphere, chest courage, weight loss
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30
Q

Nursing care for pulmonary disease

A 
Monitor vital and clinical signs 
Administration of medication/oxygen as prescribed 
Handle patient with care 
Place in quiet environment 
Ensure oxygen therapy is maintained
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31
Q

Extra pulmonary causes

A

Diaphragmatic rupture
Pneumothorax
Pleural effusion

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32
Q

Causes of diaphragmatic rupture

A

Trauma

Congenital

33
Q

Clinical signs of diaphragmatic rupture

A 
Dyspnoea
Tachypnoea
Thin sunken abdomen
Shock
Restlessness
Weakness
34
Q

Treatment for diaphragmatic rupture

A 
Oxygen therapy 
Surgical repair
IV fluids
Antibiotics 
Analgesic
35
Q

Nursing care for diaphragmatic rupture

A

Elevate head higher than hindquarters
Keep stress to minimum
Monitor vital and clinical signs
Admin medication prescribed

36
Q

Clinical signs of pneumothorax

A 
Dyspnoea 
Tachypnoea 
Orthopnoea
Abdominal breathing 
Distress
Cyanosis
SC emphysema
Thoracic wound
Penetrating foreign body
Depends on volume of air in thoracic cavity
37
Q

Treatment for pneumothorax

A 
Oxygen therapy
Thoracocentesis
Protective dressing over wound
Surgery 
Depends on underlying cause
38
Q

Nursing care for pneumothorax

A

Do not remove penetrated foreign body
Keep stress to minimum
Monitor vital and clinical signs
Admin medication prescribed

39
Q

What is hydrothorax

A

Fluid in pleural cavity

40
Q

What is haemothorax

A

Blood in pleural cavity

41
Q

What is chylothorax

A

Chyle accumulating in pleural cavity

42
Q

Clinical signs of pleural effusion

A 
Dyspnoea 
Tachypnoea 
Cyanosis 
Orthopnoea 
Shock
Muffled heart and lung sound
Exercise intolerance
43
Q

Treatment for pleural effusion

A 
ID and correct underlying causes 
Oxygen therapy 
Thoracocentesis
Thoracotomy 
Antibiotics 
Analgesics
44
Q

Nursing care for pleural effusion

A

Monitor vital and clinical signs
Admin medication prescribed
Keep stress to minimum

45
Q

How often should a tracheostomy tube be cared for

A

Every 15 minutes or every 2-3 hours depending on patient needs

46
Q

Issues associated with tracheostomy tubes

A

Obstruction
Dislodgement
Occlusion

47
Q

How often should nebulising of a tracheostomy tube be done

A

For 10-15 minuets every 4-6 hours to dehumidify

48
Q

How should a tracheostomy tube be cleaned

A

Sterile gloves for cleaning wound with 0.05% chlorhexidine solution working away from the wound. Dry gauze can be placed around tube to absorb exudate

49
Q

How long should a patient be pre oxygenated prior to suctioning

A

Several minutes

50
Q

How often should the inner cannula of a tracheostomy tube be replaced

A

Ever 4-6 hours

51
Q

Goals of tracheostomy management

A

Prevention of secretions from building up and blocking tube, aseptic wound care and humidification of air

52
Q

Process of suctioning a tracheostomy tube

A

Aseptic technique
Sterile, soft, long pliable catheter (silicone)
Do not turn suction on until catheter is in place
Intermittent and light moving catheter in circular motions
Should take less than 15 seconds. Giving them a break
Discontinued if vagal response, cough, gag
Ideally wear gloves

53
Q

What is brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome

A

Group of conditions associated with brachycephalic breeds

54
Q

Common breeds associated with BOAS

A

English and French bull dogs
Pugs
Shih-tzu

55
Q

Clinical signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)

A

Dyspnea
exercise intolerance
abnormal and increased respiratory noise including stertor and stridor.
Episodes of severe dyspnea can lead to cyanosis, hyperthermia, and syncope.

56
Q

Surgical intervention for BOAS

A

Surgical correction of stenotic nares

Removal of elongated soft palate

57
Q

What is myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium

58
Q

What is veterinary cardiomyopathy

A

Abnormal heart muscle including hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy

59
Q

What is endocardiosis

A

Degeneration and scarring of the heart valves (usually mitral)

60
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

Fluid in the pericardium builds up and results in compression of the heart

61
Q

Definition of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A 
Most common
Ductus arteriosus (embryonic duct) connects the pulmonary artery and aorta (enabling blood to bypass lungs) remains patent
Common at birth because foetus does not need to breath in womb
62
Q

Define aortic (left) or pulmonic (right) stenosis

A

Narrowing of aortic or pulmonary valve, obstructing the flow of blood leaving the ventricle. Leading to hypertrophy

63
Q

Define ventricular/arterial septal defects

A

Hole in septum between right and left atria/ventricle

64
Q

Define persistent right aortic arch

A

Oesophagus is trapped between ligamentum arteriosus, aorta, pulmonary artery and heart base

65
Q

What is tetralogy of fallout

A

Combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, compensatory right-sided hypertrophy and overriding aorta

66
Q

Define endocardiosis

A

Chronic degeneration of heart valves especially mitral valve leaving them thickened and nodular

67
Q

Define endocarditis

A

Inflammation of endocardium caused by bacterial infection which travels to heart via blood

68
Q

Define dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Myocardium thins and looses ability to contract efficiently causing heart to enlarge

69
Q

Define hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Thickened myocardium leading to reduced myocardial relaxation, inadequate cardiac output and heart failure

70
Q

What is pericardial effusion

A

Accumulating fluid in pericardial sac

Cardiac tamponade

71
Q

Definition of heart failure

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation causing reduction in cardiac output and development of heart failure

72
Q

Diagnostic procedures for heart disease

A 
History and full physical examination 
Blood tests for routine biochem or culture
Fluid sample for culture and cytology 
Blood pressure
Thoracic radiographs
Echocardiography 
Electrocardiograph
73
Q

What is echocardiography

A

Ultrasound examination of heart to assess structure and function
Thickness and contractility of ventricular walls and septum can be assessed
Abnormal soft tissue masses and pericardial effusions can be seen

74
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Measures electrical activity of the heart
Diagnose arrhythmia
Chamber enlargement can be detected in conjunction with other tests
P wave resembles arterial systole

75
Q

Treatment of heart disease for acute

A

Establish and maintain airway

Administration of oxygen

76
Q

Treatment of heart disease for chronic

A 
ID and treat underlying cause
Positive inotropes (myocardial stimulants)
ACE inhibitors
Diuretics
Anti arrhythmia drugs
Beta blocker
Venodilators
77
Q

Nursing care of acute heart disease

A

Monitor vital and clinical signs
Cage rest with minimal stress
Admin drugs (fluid) as prescribed by vet
Perform CPR

78
Q

Nursing care for chronic heart disease

A 
Monitor vital and clinical signs 
Admin medication as prescribed 
Cage rest with minimal stress
Controlled exercise 
Low sodium diet or low calorie (obese)

Veterinary Diseases (7 decks)

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