Circulatory Disorders Flashcards
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Cardiomyopathy
Chronic disease of the heart muscle
Bradycardia
Slow HR
Endocarditis
Degeneration and scarring of the heart valves (usually mitral)
Cardiac tamponade
Fluid in pericardium builds up and results in compression of heart
Definition of patient ductus arteriosus
Ductus arteriosus (embryonic duct) connects pulmonary artery and aorta (enabling blood to bypass the lungs) remains patent
Aortic (left) or pulmonic (right) stenosis (narrowing)
Narrowing of aorta or pulmonic valve obstructs flow of blood leaving the ventricle
Ventricular/atrial septal defect
Hole in septum between right and left atrial/ventricle allowing blood to pass from one side to another. Left muscle gets bigger so valve gets smaller due to working hard to pump
Persistent right aortic arch
Oesophagus is trapped between the ligament arteriosus, aorta, pulmonary artery and heart base
Tetralogy of fallout
Combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, compensatory right-sided hypertrophy and overriding aorta
Endocardiosis
Chronic degeneration of the heart valves especially the mitral valve leaving them thickened and nodular
Endocarditis
Inflammation of endocardium caused by bacterial infection which travels to the heart via blood
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Myocardium becomes thinner and loses ability to contract effectively causing heart to become enlarged
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Myocardium becomes thicker leading to reduced myocardial relaxation, inadequate cardiac output and heart failure
Heart failure
Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation causing reduction in cardiac output. Blood pools in the lungs or body tissues
Causes of heart failure
Myocardial disease
Pressure overload
Volume overload
Mechanical problems
Clinical signs of heart failure
Collapse Close CRT Weak pulse Dyspnoea Cyanosis Pallor mucous membranes
Heart failure diagnosis
History and full physical examination Blood tests for biochemistry/culture Fluid sample for culture and cytology Blood pressure Thoracic radiograph Echocardiography Electrocardiogram
What is echocardiography
Ultrasound examination of heart to assess structure and function
Thickness and contractility of ventricular walls and septum can be assessed
Abnormal soft tissue masses and pericardial effusions can be seen
What does ECG do
Measures electrical activity of the heart
Diagnose arrhythmia
Chamber enlargement can be detected when used in conjunction with other tests
What does P-wave represent
Atrial systole
What does the QRS complex represent
Ventricular systole
What does T-wave represent
Ventricular diastole
How is heart rate calculated with ECG
From interval between two P-waves
