Reproduction Diseases

Question 1

Anorchia

Answer 1

No testicles

Question 2

Cryptochidism

Answer 2

Unilateral or bilateral

Question 3

Balantitis

Answer 3

Inflammation of penis

Question 4

Orchiditis

Answer 4

Inflammation of testicles

Question 5

Paiapism

Answer 5

Enlarged penis

Question 6

Agenesis

Answer 6

No ovaries

Question 7

Paraphimosis

Answer 7

Unable to retract penis

Question 8

Monorchidism

Answer 8

Born with one testicle

Question 9

Pseudocyesis

Answer 9

False pregnancy

Question 10

Phimosis

Answer 10

Penis cannot get out

Question 11

Causes of prostate disease

Answer 11

Hypertrophy seen in older entire dogs due to hormonal stimulation
Bacterial infection, cysts, tumours

Question 12

Clinical signs of prostate disease

Answer 12

Tenesmus with stringy faeces
Pain
Abnormal gate
Haematuria
Blood in semen
Pyrexiam anorexia
Weight loss

Question 13

Diagnosis of prostate disease

Answer 13

History and full physical/rectal exam

Radiograph/ultrasound

Question 14

Treatment of prostate disease

Answer 14

Identify underlying causes
Surgical/chemical castration
Radiotherapy

Question 15

Cause of paraphimosis

Answer 15

Inability to retract the penis, prep use becomes tight, blood increases within the penis

Question 16

Clinical signs of paraphimosis

Answer 16

Swollen, red penis permanently protruded

Question 17

Diagnosis of paraphimosis

Answer 17

Physical examination

Question 18

Treatment of paraphimosis

Answer 18

Emergency - may need to cut penis
Reduce swelling with cold compress
Lube penis and massage prepuse back over penis

Question 19

Sertoli cell tumour

Answer 19

Overproduction of oestrogen

Question 20

Cause of Sertoli cell tumour

Answer 20

Excessive oestrogen generally from tumour of retained testicle in Dogs 7-12 years

Question 21

Clinical signs of Sertoli cell tumour

Answer 21

Enlarged retained testicle and feminisation e.g. gynaecomastia (enlarged mammary glands) attractiveness to male dog
Non regenerative anaemia and bilateral alopecia due to increased hormone levels

Question 22

Diagnosis of Sertoli cell tumour

Answer 22

History and full physical examination

Blood tests for biochemistry, haematology and oestrogen

Question 23

Treatment of Sertoli cell tumour

Answer 23

Pre surgical screening for pulmonary matastases

Removal of affected testicle

Question 24

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra

Answer 24

Open, infection coming out of cervix

Closed, intra-uterus

Question 25

Cause of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 25

Hyperplasia of endometrium in response to progesterone in metoestrus which may lead to pyo Making the development of infection more probable (6-12 weeks post-oestrus) e.g. open cervix

Question 26

Clinical signs of Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 26

``` Polyuria Polydipsia Lethargy Anorexia Vomiting Abdominal pain Shock, death Vaginal discharge in a 3rd of cases ```

Question 27

Tests for Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 27

History and full physical examination

Question 28

Treatment of Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 28

Medication can be successful but likely to re-occur Ovariohysterectomy Fluids and antibiotics

Question 29

Cause of pseudocyesis

Answer 29

Hormonal - decline in plasma progesterone and increase in plasma prolactin Normally seen 6-8 weeks post-oestrus

Question 30

Clinical signs of pseudocyesis

Answer 30

``` Mammary gland development (+/- milk) Anorexia Abdominal enlargement Nest making Nursing of inanimate objects Aggression ```

Question 31

Tests for pseudocyesis

Answer 31

History and full physical examination

Question 32

Treatment of pseudocyesis

Answer 32

Most cases resolve without treatment as removal of bedding/toys is enough Hormone treatment Ovariohysterectomy

Question 33

Cause of mastitis

Answer 33

Inflammation of mammary glands due to blocked milk ducts or infection

Question 34

Clinical signs of mastitis

Answer 34

Hot, swollen, painful mammary glands Change in milk colour (yellow, pink, brown) Systemic illness e.g. depression, anorexia, pyrexia

Question 35

Diagnosis of mastitis

Answer 35

Full physical examination and history

Question 36

Treatment of mastitis

Answer 36

Bathe and massage glands with warm water | Antibiotics if systemic illness

Question 37

Cause of eclampsia (low levels of calcium)

Answer 37

Late pregnancy or early lactation (within 2 weeks of post partum) Normally seen in small bitches with large litters, less common in queens

Question 38

Clinical signs of eclampsia

Answer 38

``` Restlessness Anxiety Panting Hypersalavation Twitching/muscle spasm Stiff gait Ataxia Tachycardia Collapse, seizures ```

Question 39

Tests for eclampsia

Answer 39

History and full physical examination | Blood calcium level

Question 40

Treatment for eclampsia

Answer 40

Slow IV infusion of 10% calcium borogluconate Calcium supplements (oral or s/c) May need to remove litter and hand rear

Question 41

Cause of mammary tumour

Answer 41

Common in bitches (caudal pairs) 50% benign common in entire bitches or bitches neutered late Less common in queens (cranial pairs) 20% benign in older entire queens

Question 42

Mammary tumour signs

Answer 42

Visible masses +/- ulceration

Question 43

Tests for mammary tumours

Answer 43

Full physical examination | Fine needle aspirate biopsy or histopathological sample

Question 44

Treatment of mammary tumours

Answer 44

Surgery (mammectomy, local mastectomy, radial mastectomy, radical mastectomy, bilateral radical mastectomy) Fluid therapy, analgesics, antibiotics