Haemotopietic System Flashcards
Erythrocytosis
Increased erythrocytes
Lymphocytosis
Increased lymphocytes
Erythropenia
Deficiency if erythrocytes
Lymphopenia
Deficiency of lymphocytes
Monocytosis
Increased monocytes
Monopenia
Deficiency of monocytes
Neutrophilia
Increase in neutrophils
Anaemia
Erythropoietin secreted from kidneys in response to low circulating oxygen
Regenerative anaemia
Bone marrow responds to replace cells (problem isn’t with bone marrow) e.g. haemolysis (bursting red blood cells)
Non-regenerative anaemia
Bone marrow does not respond to replace cells
Haemorrhage
Acute blood loss due to internal or external trauma (organ rupture, poisoning e.g. warfarin)
Chronic blood loss
Haematuria, melaena, epistaxis, neoplasia, parasite burden
Haemolysis
Immune mediated disease e.g. autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Cellular parasites e.g. mycoplasma haemofelis
Medullary disorders
Bone marrow hypoplasia (underdeveloped bone marrow/bone marrow tumour)
Extramedullary disorders
Rental disease
FIV
FeLV
Clinical signs of anaemia
Pallor mucous membranes Lethargy Dyspnoea / tachypnoea Exercise intolerance Syncope; fainting, collapse, death Tachycardia +/- haemic (anaemia induced murmur)
Diagnostic testing for anaemia
History and full physical examination
Blood tests for biochemistry, haematology including reticulocytes and platelet counts e.g. PCV + reticulocyte count (immature rbc)
Blood smear
Blood tests for coagulopathies/immune mediated diseases
Bone marrow biopsy
Radiograph/ultrasound
How long does it take for erythroblast to become erythrocyte
4-7 days
Treatment for anaemia
Control active haemorrhage
Whole blood transfusions/colloids
Medication e.g. erythropoietin, steroids, chemo
Nursing care for anaemia patient
Monitor vital and clinical signs Keep quiet and avoid stress General care of trauma patient Medication prescribed by vet Diet with haematinics e.g iron and vit b
Haemostasis
Prevents excessive blood loss from damaged vessels. Liver produces all clotting factors except Von Williband
Primary haemostasis
Slowing down (clumping everything together)
Secondary haemostasis
Forming of the clot using clotting factors
What is Von willebrand disease
Common hereditary coagulopathy
Protein linking platelets to sub-endothelium and assists platelet aggregation
What is haemophilia A
Effects dogs but bitches can carry
German shepherds
Factor VIII deficiency
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
Causes destruction of platelets
Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning
Rat bait contains warfarin causing reduction in vitamin k
What can liver disease cause
Severe liver dysfunction e.g. cirrhosis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Development of tiny clots in blood exhausting all the clotting factors
Due to secondary cause pancreatitis, haemangiosarcoma, septic shock
Clinical signs of coagulopathies
Petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhages Epistaxis Melaena Haematuria Haematomas Prolonged bleeding from cuts/venipuncture Bleeding into body cavity/joints Bleeding after shedding teeth Delayed bleeding after venipuncture
Diagnosis of coagulopathies
History and full physical examination
Blood test - biochem and haematology including reticulocyte and platelet counts
Blood tests for coagulopathies e.g. activated clotting time, Von willebrands, buccaneer mucosal bleeding time
Treatment of coagulopathies
Plasma, platelet rich plasma or whole blood transfusion
Medication e.g. steroids, desmopressin, vit k, heparin
Nursing care for coagulopathies
Monitor vital and clinical signs Keep quiet and avoid stress Handle with care Administer medication prescribed by vet Venipuncture must not be done using jugular
