Haemotopietic System

Question 1

Erythrocytosis

Answer 1

Increased erythrocytes

Question 2

Lymphocytosis

Answer 2

Increased lymphocytes

Question 3

Erythropenia

Answer 3

Deficiency if erythrocytes

Question 4

Lymphopenia

Answer 4

Deficiency of lymphocytes

Question 5

Monocytosis

Answer 5

Increased monocytes

Question 6

Monopenia

Answer 6

Deficiency of monocytes

Question 7

Neutrophilia

Answer 7

Increase in neutrophils

Question 8

Anaemia

Answer 8

Erythropoietin secreted from kidneys in response to low circulating oxygen

Question 9

Regenerative anaemia

Answer 9

Bone marrow responds to replace cells (problem isn’t with bone marrow) e.g. haemolysis (bursting red blood cells)

Question 10

Non-regenerative anaemia

Answer 10

Bone marrow does not respond to replace cells

Question 11

Haemorrhage

Answer 11

Acute blood loss due to internal or external trauma (organ rupture, poisoning e.g. warfarin)

Question 12

Chronic blood loss

Answer 12

Haematuria, melaena, epistaxis, neoplasia, parasite burden

Question 13

Haemolysis

Answer 13

Immune mediated disease e.g. autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Cellular parasites e.g. mycoplasma haemofelis

Question 14

Medullary disorders

Answer 14

Bone marrow hypoplasia (underdeveloped bone marrow/bone marrow tumour)

Question 15

Extramedullary disorders

Answer 15

Rental disease
FIV
FeLV

Question 16

Clinical signs of anaemia

Answer 16

Pallor mucous membranes
Lethargy 
Dyspnoea / tachypnoea 
Exercise intolerance 
Syncope; fainting, collapse, death
Tachycardia +/- haemic (anaemia induced murmur)

Question 17

Diagnostic testing for anaemia

Answer 17

History and full physical examination
Blood tests for biochemistry, haematology including reticulocytes and platelet counts e.g. PCV + reticulocyte count (immature rbc)
Blood smear
Blood tests for coagulopathies/immune mediated diseases
Bone marrow biopsy
Radiograph/ultrasound

Question 18

How long does it take for erythroblast to become erythrocyte

Answer 18

4-7 days

Question 19

Treatment for anaemia

Answer 19

Control active haemorrhage
Whole blood transfusions/colloids
Medication e.g. erythropoietin, steroids, chemo

Question 20

Nursing care for anaemia patient

Answer 20

Monitor vital and clinical signs 
Keep quiet and avoid stress
General care of trauma patient 
Medication prescribed by vet
Diet with haematinics e.g iron and vit b

Question 21

Haemostasis

Answer 21

Prevents excessive blood loss from damaged vessels. Liver produces all clotting factors except Von Williband

Question 22

Primary haemostasis

Answer 22

Slowing down (clumping everything together)

Question 23

Secondary haemostasis

Answer 23

Forming of the clot using clotting factors

Question 24

What is Von willebrand disease

Answer 24

Common hereditary coagulopathy

Protein linking platelets to sub-endothelium and assists platelet aggregation

Question 25

What is haemophilia A

Answer 25

Effects dogs but bitches can carry German shepherds Factor VIII deficiency

Question 26

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia

Answer 26

Causes destruction of platelets

Question 27

Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning

Answer 27

Rat bait contains warfarin causing reduction in vitamin k

Question 28

What can liver disease cause

Answer 28

Severe liver dysfunction e.g. cirrhosis

Question 29

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer 29

Development of tiny clots in blood exhausting all the clotting factors Due to secondary cause pancreatitis, haemangiosarcoma, septic shock

Question 30

Clinical signs of coagulopathies

Answer 30

``` Petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhages Epistaxis Melaena Haematuria Haematomas Prolonged bleeding from cuts/venipuncture Bleeding into body cavity/joints Bleeding after shedding teeth Delayed bleeding after venipuncture ```

Question 31

Diagnosis of coagulopathies

Answer 31

History and full physical examination Blood test - biochem and haematology including reticulocyte and platelet counts Blood tests for coagulopathies e.g. activated clotting time, Von willebrands, buccaneer mucosal bleeding time

Question 32

Treatment of coagulopathies

Answer 32

Plasma, platelet rich plasma or whole blood transfusion | Medication e.g. steroids, desmopressin, vit k, heparin

Question 33

Nursing care for coagulopathies

Answer 33

``` Monitor vital and clinical signs Keep quiet and avoid stress Handle with care Administer medication prescribed by vet Venipuncture must not be done using jugular ```