Respiratory diseases

Question 1

Obstructive

Restrictive

Infection/inflammation

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

Answer 1

conditions which impede rate of flow in and out of the lungs.

conditions which cause reduced lung vol.

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Narrowing of airways = increased resistance.
Elastic recoil being lost, reduces outflow.
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema.

Question 2

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

Answer 2

smoking and environmental irritants, lasts at least 3 months (acute due to infection). Inflammation in bronchi = abnormal mucous secretion = plugged airways = prone to infection therefore more inflammation. Shortness of breath and chest pain. Bronchodilators, antibiotics and stopping smoking as treatments.

can be caused by a genetic antitrypsin deficiency which can be treated with enzyme supplements. smoking = elastase released by neutrophils and macrophages = destroys alveolar walls. Over inflated lung, hyperventilation. Lung transplant or O2 supplements.

Question 3

Asthma

Fibrosis (restrictive)

Pneumonia

TB (bacterial infection)

Answer 3

bronchoconstriction and mucous secretion both increasing airway resistance. Anti- inflammatories and bronchodilators used to treat it.

smoking, pollutants. development of excess CT. Decreased lung compliance as alveoli is replaced with fibrotic tissue. No treatment.

(bacterial infection) – inflammatory fluid fills alveoli, lung tissue becomes firm and airless.

highly contagious bacteria. Latent phase, non-infectious inflammation in lung tissue. Active phase spreads to bronchioles and circulation