Respiratory: Definitions - 15.2 Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards
Active vs. passive
Active means uses energy.
Passive means no use of energy.
Atmospheric pressure
The air pressure outside the human body.
Autonomic Nervous System
The nervous system that controls involuntary muscles and the breathing muscles.
Brainstem
Connects the diencephalon to the spinal cord. Contains the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
Chemoreceptors
Reflex receptors that monitor chemicals. In the respiratory center they monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH (H+)
Diaphragm
The skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Elastic recoil
Elastic fibers in the lungs allow the lungs to return to their original shape during normal expiration.
Exhalation
The process of air leaving the lungs and going back into the atmosphere. Also called expiration.
Expiration
The process of air leaving the lungs and going back into the atmosphere. Also called exhalation.
External intercostal muscle
Outer set of muscles that attach one rib to another rib in the thoracic cavity. “Pulls” ribs downward.
Forced expiration
“Pushing air out” of the body using extra muscles such as the abdominal muscles.
Forced inspiration
“Sucking in more air” than normal using extra muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid and serratus anterior.
Inhalation
The movement of air into the lungs from the atmosphere. Also called inspiration.
Inspiration
The movement of air into the lungs from the atmosphere. Also called inhalation.
Intercostal nerve
The spinal nerve that controls the external intercostal muscles.
Internal intercostal muscle
Inner set of muscles that attach one rib to another rib in the thoracic cavity. “Pulls” ribs upwards and out”.
Intrapulmonary pressure
The air pressure within the lungs.
Medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that has the three major vital centers that control heart rate, respiratory rate and blood vessel size.
Major Respiratory Center
Located in the medulla oblongata. Controls the depth and rate of breathing.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary movement. “Normal Housekeeping System”.
Parietal pleura
Outer membrane of the pleura. Attaches to the thoracic cavity wall.
Phrenic nerve
A spinal nerve that is in the cervical plexus.
Pons
Part of the brainstem. Superior to the medulla oblongata.
Prime mover
The major skeletal muscle that causes the main movement.
Pulmonary ventilation
The clinical term for “breathing”.
Quiet (normal) expiration
Breathing out in normal conditions. Does not require any muscles, thus no energy by the body.
Quiet (normal) inspiration
Breathing in during normal conditions.
Serratus anterior
Skeletal muscles that attach to the lateral side of the ribs. Used in forced inspiration.
Stretch receptors
Mechanoreceptors that measure stretch
Sympathetic Nervous System
The “fight or flight” branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary movements.
Thoracic cavity
“Chest cavity”.
Ventral respiratory center (VRG)
Located in the medulla oblongata. Controls the rate and depth of breathing.
Visceral Pleura
Inner membrane of the pleura; attaches to the lung
