Respiratory assessment Flashcards
1
Q
Pharynx
A
- The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus
- Open space
2
Q
Larynx
A
- Commonly called the voice box
- Organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration - Houses the vocal folds, and manipulates pitch and volume
3
Q
Mouth & Oropharynx
A
- The mouth is an oval-shaped cavity inside the skull.
- The two main functions of the mouth are eating and speaking
- Parts of the mouth include the lips, vestibule, mouth cavity, gums, teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue and salivary glands
- Also known as the oral cavity or the buccal cavity
- The oropharynx is the part of the throat just behind the mouth
- Includes the: back 1/3 of the tongue. soft area at the back of the roof of the mouth (soft palate)
4
Q
Nose & Nasopharynx
A
- The nasopharynx is the space above the soft palate at the back of the nose and connects the nose to the mouth
- Allows a person to breathe through the nose
- The soft palate separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx, which sits just below the soft palate
5
Q
Glottis
A
- Opening between the vocal cords
- Flap that covers the larynx that assists with swallowing
6
Q
Trachea
A
- Large tube supported by moon shaped cartilage
- Connects the larynx to the bronchi
- Keeps the airway open
7
Q
Carina
A
- Where the trachea branches into the two bronchi
- Very sensitive area
8
Q
Bronchi
A
- The main passageways into the lungs
- Right and left
- Right more vertical
9
Q
Terminal Bronchioles
A
- Lower airways end at the terminal bronchioles
- Slows down the air before it enters the gastric airways
- Creates a greater time for gas exchange
10
Q
Acinus
A
- Gas exchange airways
Terminal bronchioles > Respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli
11
Q
Alveoli
A
- Gas exchange sites within the lungs
12
Q
Respiratory bronchioles
A
- The narrowest airways of the lungs, 0.5 mm across
- The bronchi divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles
- The respiratory bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs
- They are interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations
13
Q
Alveolar ducts
A
- Are numerous ducts in the respiratory system that connect the alveolar sacs to the bronchioles
- The alveolar sacs are sacs of many alveoli, which are the cells that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
14
Q
Alveolar sacs
A
- Are sacs of many alveoli, which are the cells that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
- The alveolar ducts assist the alveoli in their function by collecting the air that has been inhaled and transported through the tract, and dispersing it to the alveoli in the alveolar sac
15
Q
Alveoli
A
- Any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
- Type I and Type II
16
Q
Upper airway components
A
- Mouth & oropharynx
- Nose & nasopharynx
- Pharynx
- Larynx
17
Q
Lower airway components
A
- Trachea
- Carina
- Bronchi
- Terminal Bronchioles
18
Q
Acinus components
A
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
19
Q
Type I Alveoli Cells
A
- Provide structure
20
Q
Type II Alveoli Cells
A
- Secrete surfactant; a lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveoli and the purpose is to lower the surface tension during respiration so the alveoli does not collapse
21
Q
Alveolar Macrophages
A
- Alveoli have small immune factor to them
- Alveolar macrophages which attack foreign bodies and move them to the lymphatic system
22
Q
Pleura
A
- The layers of the lungs
3 layers
- Visceral pleura
- Pleural space
- Parietal pleura
23
Q
Visceral Pleura
A
- Inner layer
- Covers the lungs themselves
24
Q
Parietal pleura
A
- Outer layer
- Closer to the thoracic cage
25
Q
Pleural space
A
- In between the visceral and parietal pleura
- Fluid exists there; allows for smooth friction free movement across the two layers
- Can be too much exudate or inflammation of the pleural space which can cause issues
26
Q
The four major functions of the respiratory system
A
- Supply oxygen to the body
- Remove carbon dioxide
- Maintain homeostasis (acid-base balance)
- CO2 levels can be altered to maintain levels through slowing or quickening our breath
- Hypoventilation and hyperventilation - Maintain heat exchange
27
Q
Hypoventilation and homeostasis
A
- Increases CO2 in the blood
- Correlates with a lower pH level in the blood
- The body becomes more acidic
28
Q
Hyperventilation and homeostasis
A
- Decreases CO2 in the blood
- Correlates with a higher pH level in the blood
- Body becomes less acidic
29
Q
Control of respirations
A
- Normally, breathing patterns change without our awareness- involuntary
- Mediated by the respiratory centre in the brain stem
- Breathing patterns change in response to varying levels of CO2 AND O2 in the blood
30
Q
Hypercapnia
A
- Stimulus to breathe
- CO2 builds up to a certain level which triggers taking a breath
- This is the stimulus to breathe in healthy people
31
Q
Hypoxemia
A
- Stimulus to breathe
- Decrease in O2 triggers respiration
- Less effective than hypercapnia
- Not commonly found
32
Q
Inspiration & Expiration
A
Inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts
- Chest expands
- Vertical diameter increases
- Sternum and ribs expand in places
- Anterior-posterior boarder also increases
Expiration
- Opposite happens;
- Chest contracts
- Diaphragm relaxes
- Vertical and AP boarder decrease
33
Q
The thoracic cage
A
- Protects the lungs
- Sternum
- 12 pairs of ribs
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- Diaphragm
34
Q
Ribs
A
- First 7 attache directly to the sternum by costal cartilage; called true ribs
- 8-10 attached to the ribs by cartilage; called false ribs
- 11-12 are floating ribs because they don’t attach to anything
