respiratory and GI systems

Question 1

what are the different categories of respiratory drugs

4 of them

Answer 1

• antitussives
• antihistamines
• decongestants
• mucolytic and expectorants

Question 2

name two types of antitussives and dtheir mechanisms

Answer 2

opiod derivatives: suppress coughing in the brainstem

non-opioid derivatives: inhibit irritant effects of histamine on respiratory mucosa

Question 3

opiod derivative antitussives will suppress a cough how?

Answer 3

suppress coughing in the brainstem

Question 4

what are common adverse effects of antitussives?

Answer 4

sedation, dizziness, gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances

Question 5

what is the primary action of decongestants?

Answer 5

treat common symptoms of allergies, colds, respiratory infections by acting as alpha-1 adrenergic agonists

Question 6

list the adverse effects of decongestants

Answer 6

headache, dizziness, nervousness, nausea, cardiovascular irregularities ( like increase BP, palpitations)

Question 7

what are antihistamines used for in respiraotry conditions?

Answer 7

treating respiratory symptoms from viral infections (colds and allergies)

Question 8

what type of chemical are histamines?

Answer 8

endogenous chemical

Question 9

what are the primary histamine receptors and what is their role?

Answer 9

H1, H2, H3, H4; they regulate phsiological functions and hypersensitivity reactions

Question 10

what is the range of utilization for antihistamines?

Answer 10

sedation to the treatment of parkinsonism

Question 11

what respiratory sysmtoms does antihistamines treat?

Answer 11

• viral infections (cold)
• respiratory response to seasonal allergies or other allergens

Question 12

adverse effects of antihistamines include…

Answer 12

sedation
fatigue
dizziness
blurred vision
incoordination
GI distress

Question 13

waht is the role of mucolytics and expectorants?

Answer 13

decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions

Question 14

mucolytic and expectorants can treat symptoms from disorders ranging from…

Answer 14

• common cold
• pneumonia
• emphysema
• chronic bronchitis

Question 15

what are adverse effects of mucolytics and expectorants?

Answer 15

nausea
vomiting
oral mucosa inflammation (stomatitis)
rhinorrhea

Question 16

what is the mechanism of beta-adrenergic agonists in respiratory therapy?

Answer 16

they stimulate beta-2 subtype of adrenergic receptors to induce bronchodilation via smooth muscle relaxation

Question 17

what are the 3 main administrations of beta andregenic agonists?

Answer 17

• oral
• subcutaneous
• inhalation

Question 18

adverse effects of prolonged beta-adrenergic agonists use include…

Answer 18

increased (^) bronchial responsivness to allergens and irritants

Question 19

common xanthine derivatives include…

3 of them

Answer 19

• theophylline
• caffeine
• theobromine

Question 20

xanthine drivative bronchodilators

where are theophylline, caffeine adn theobromine compounds frequently found?

Answer 20

various food and beverages (tea, coffee, soft drinks)

Question 21

what is the mechanism of action for xanthine derivatives?

Answer 21

inhibit the phsphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) in bronchial smooth muscle, enhancing bronchodilation

Question 22

theophylline and several theophylline derivatives also administered therapeutically to produce …?

Answer 22

bronchodilation in asthma and other forms of airway obstruction (bronchitis, emphysema)

Question 23

early signs of xanthine derivative toxicity include…

Answer 23

• nausea
• confusion
• irritability restlessness

Question 24

mechanism of acation

what is the primary use of anticholinergicdrugs in respiratory therapy?

Answer 24

treating bronchospastic diseases like COPD by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 25

what is the drug of choice in treating COPD?

Answer 25

anticholinergic drugs

Question 26

anticholinergic drugs bloc kmuscarinic cholinergic receptors and prevent acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction this improving ...

Answer 26

airflow in certain types of bronchospastic disease

Question 27

what is the administration of anticholinergic drugs?

Answer 27

inhalation

Question 28

list adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs ## Footnote 6 of them

Answer 28

- dry mouth - constipation - urinary retention - tachycardia - blurred vision - confusion

Question 29

what is the mechanism of glucocorticoids in respiratory conditions?

Answer 29

inhibit production of proinflammatory products (cytokines) and increase anti inflammatory proteins

Question 30

what are 3 proinflammatory products that glucocorticoids inhibit?

Answer 30

cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Question 31

glucocorticoids treat symptoms of what?

Answer 31

respiratory passages in asthma and other obstructive pulmonary disorders

Question 32

what are the 3 common administratiosn of glucocorticoids?

Answer 32

- typically intravenously - oral - inhalation

Question 33

common adverse effects of glucocorticoids are...

Answer 33

- genreal catabolic effects of these drugs on supporting tissues - osteoporosis - skin breakdown - muscle wasting (due to prolonged systemic administration) ## Footnote catabolic = breakdown

Question 34

what is the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma?

Answer 34

disease of respiratory system characterized by bronchial smooth-muscle spasm, airway inflammaiton, mucous plugging of the airways

Question 35

what are some triggers of an asthmatic attack in some individuals? ## Footnote 4 triggers

Answer 35

- exercise - cold - psychological stress - viral infections

Question 36

what is the long term management of broncial asthma?

Answer 36

- bronchiodialtors and xanthine derivatives - glucocorticoids are now used as first line agents in most patients - including mild asthma

Question 37

what drugs is often the first to be used for bronchospasm in COPD? what are 2 other options?

Answer 37

- anticholinergics two other options: - long acting beta 2 agnoists - glucocorticoids

Question 38

what glands does cystic fibrosis affect? what is the results?

Answer 38

affects all major exocrine glands - results in ver thick, viscous secretions

Question 39

what are the 3 treatment options for those with respiraotry problems in cystic fibrosis? ## Footnote * remember this is a life long disorder

Answer 39

- bronchodilators - mucolytic and or expectorant drugs - systemic glucocorticoids (e.g. prednisone)

Question 40

# gastrointestinal drugs what is the function of antacids?

Answer 40

neutralize stomach acid to relieve heartburn and indigestion

Question 41

what is the most common side effect associated with the aluminum containing antacids?

Answer 41

constipation

Question 42

# GI drugs what is the most common side effect associated with magnesium containing antacids?

Answer 42

diarrhea

Question 43

# GI drugs what do PPI's help control and protect?

Answer 43

contorl gastic acide secretion and protect the stomach mucosa

Question 44

# GI drugs how do PPI's work

Answer 44

inhibit the H+, K ± ATPase enzyme, reducing gastric acid secretion and protecting the stomach mucosa

Question 45

a siginificant adverse effect of prolonged PPI use is...

Answer 45

acid rebound, wehre gastric acid secretion icnreases (^) after discontinuation

Question 46

# GI drugs name 2 type of antidiarrheal drugs and the mechanisms ## Footnote *also known as drugs that inhibit excessive peristalsis

Answer 46

opiate derivatives: slow GI motility adsorbents and bismuth salicylate: bind toxins or coast the GI tract

Question 47

# GI drugs what helps with decreased motility (constipation)?

Answer 47

laxatives

Question 48

how do laxative help with constipation?

Answer 48

stimulate bowel movements or soften stool for easier passage

Question 49

in the COPD case study, what drugswere used for bronchospasm managment?

Answer 49

tiotropium (anticholinergic) allbuterol (beta-2 agonist)

Question 50

what additional intervetions could help with bronchial secretion accumulation in COPD ?

Answer 50

postural drainage chest physiotherapy (breathing), timed physical therapy aligned with drug administration

Question 51

in the GI case study, what factors contrbuted to the patients constipation?

Answer 51

sedentary lifestyle lower fiber diet reliance on fmagnesium-containg antacids

Question 52

recommnedations to reduce constipation and back pain include...

Answer 52

increase fiber and wate intake regular PA avoiding straining during bowel movements