respiratory and GI systems Flashcards
recognize the different categories of respiratory drugs describe the effects of respiratory drugs describe the effects of GI drugs review patient centered cases
what are the different categories of respiratory drugs
4 of them
- antitussives
- antihistamines
- decongestants
- mucolytic and expectorants
name two types of antitussives and dtheir mechanisms
opiod derivatives: suppress coughing in the brainstem
non-opioid derivatives: inhibit irritant effects of histamine on respiratory mucosa
opiod derivative antitussives will suppress a cough how?
suppress coughing in the brainstem
what are common adverse effects of antitussives?
sedation, dizziness, gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances
what is the primary action of decongestants?
treat common symptoms of allergies, colds, respiratory infections by acting as alpha-1 adrenergic agonists
list the adverse effects of decongestants
headache, dizziness, nervousness, nausea, cardiovascular irregularities ( like increase BP, palpitations)
what are antihistamines used for in respiraotry conditions?
treating respiratory symptoms from viral infections (colds and allergies)
what type of chemical are histamines?
endogenous chemical
what are the primary histamine receptors and what is their role?
H1, H2, H3, H4; they regulate phsiological functions and hypersensitivity reactions
what is the range of utilization for antihistamines?
sedation to the treatment of parkinsonism
what respiratory sysmtoms does antihistamines treat?
- viral infections (cold)
- respiratory response to seasonal allergies or other allergens
adverse effects of antihistamines include…
sedation
fatigue
dizziness
blurred vision
incoordination
GI distress
waht is the role of mucolytics and expectorants?
decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions
mucolytic and expectorants can treat symptoms from disorders ranging from…
- common cold
- pneumonia
- emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
what are adverse effects of mucolytics and expectorants?
nausea
vomiting
oral mucosa inflammation (stomatitis)
rhinorrhea
what is the mechanism of beta-adrenergic agonists in respiratory therapy?
they stimulate beta-2 subtype of adrenergic receptors to induce bronchodilation via smooth muscle relaxation
what are the 3 main administrations of beta andregenic agonists?
- oral
- subcutaneous
- inhalation
adverse effects of prolonged beta-adrenergic agonists use include…
increased (^) bronchial responsivness to allergens and irritants
common xanthine derivatives include…
3 of them
- theophylline
- caffeine
- theobromine
xanthine drivative bronchodilators
where are theophylline, caffeine adn theobromine compounds frequently found?
various food and beverages (tea, coffee, soft drinks)
what is the mechanism of action for xanthine derivatives?
inhibit the phsphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) in bronchial smooth muscle, enhancing bronchodilation
theophylline and several theophylline derivatives also administered therapeutically to produce …?
bronchodilation in asthma and other forms of airway obstruction (bronchitis, emphysema)
early signs of xanthine derivative toxicity include…
- nausea
- confusion
- irritability restlessness
mechanism of acation
what is the primary use of anticholinergicdrugs in respiratory therapy?
treating bronchospastic diseases like COPD by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors
what is the drug of choice in treating COPD?
anticholinergic drugs
anticholinergic drugs bloc kmuscarinic cholinergic receptors and prevent acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction this improving …
airflow in certain types of bronchospastic disease
what is the administration of anticholinergic drugs?
inhalation
list adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs
6 of them
- dry mouth
- constipation
- urinary retention
- tachycardia
- blurred vision
- confusion
what is the mechanism of glucocorticoids in respiratory conditions?
inhibit production of proinflammatory products (cytokines) and increase anti inflammatory proteins
what are 3 proinflammatory products that glucocorticoids inhibit?
cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
glucocorticoids treat symptoms of what?
respiratory passages in asthma and other obstructive pulmonary disorders
what are the 3 common administratiosn of glucocorticoids?
- typically intravenously
- oral
- inhalation
common adverse effects of glucocorticoids are…
- genreal catabolic effects of these drugs on supporting tissues
- osteoporosis
- skin breakdown
- muscle wasting (due to prolonged systemic administration)
catabolic = breakdown
what is the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma?
disease of respiratory system characterized by bronchial smooth-muscle spasm, airway inflammaiton, mucous plugging of the airways
what are some triggers of an asthmatic attack in some individuals?
4 triggers
- exercise
- cold
- psychological stress
- viral infections
what is the long term management of broncial asthma?
- bronchiodialtors and xanthine derivatives
- glucocorticoids are now used as first line agents in most patients - including mild asthma
what drugs is often the first to be used for bronchospasm in COPD?
what are 2 other options?
- anticholinergics
two other options: - long acting beta 2 agnoists
- glucocorticoids
what glands does cystic fibrosis affect? what is the results?
affects all major exocrine glands
- results in ver thick, viscous secretions
what are the 3 treatment options for those with respiraotry problems in cystic fibrosis?
- remember this is a life long disorder
- bronchodilators
- mucolytic and or expectorant drugs
- systemic glucocorticoids (e.g. prednisone)
gastrointestinal drugs
what is the function of antacids?
neutralize stomach acid to relieve heartburn and indigestion
what is the most common side effect associated with the aluminum containing antacids?
constipation
GI drugs
what is the most common side effect associated with magnesium containing antacids?
diarrhea
GI drugs
what do PPI’s help control and protect?
contorl gastic acide secretion and protect the stomach mucosa
GI drugs
how do PPI’s work
inhibit the H+, K ± ATPase enzyme, reducing gastric acid secretion and protecting the stomach mucosa
a siginificant adverse effect of prolonged PPI use is…
acid rebound, wehre gastric acid secretion icnreases (^) after discontinuation
GI drugs
name 2 type of antidiarrheal drugs and the mechanisms
*also known as drugs that inhibit excessive peristalsis
opiate derivatives: slow GI motility
adsorbents and bismuth salicylate: bind toxins or coast the GI tract
GI drugs
what helps with decreased motility (constipation)?
laxatives
how do laxative help with constipation?
stimulate bowel movements or soften stool for easier passage
in the COPD case study, what drugswere used for bronchospasm managment?
tiotropium (anticholinergic)
allbuterol (beta-2 agonist)
what additional intervetions could help with bronchial secretion accumulation in COPD ?
postural drainage
chest physiotherapy (breathing), timed physical therapy aligned with drug administration
in the GI case study, what factors contrbuted to the patients constipation?
sedentary lifestyle
lower fiber diet
reliance on fmagnesium-containg antacids
recommnedations to reduce constipation and back pain include…
increase fiber and wate intake
regular PA
avoiding straining during bowel movements
