lecture 1 - intro to pharm

Question 1

areas of study within pharmacology

What is the study of therapuetic effects of drugs called?

Answer 1

pharmacotherapeutics

Question 2

areas of study within pharmacology

what is the study of harmful effects of drugs called?

Answer 2

toxicology

Question 3

areas of study within pharmacology

what is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, and elimates the drugs called?

Answer 3

pharmacokinetics

Question 4

areas of study within pharmacology

analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect called?

Answer 4

pharmacodynamics

Question 5

drug nomeclature

referes to the specific compounds structure.

Usually fairly long and cumbersome

Answer 5

chemical name (example: benzodiazepin)

Question 6

drug nomeclature

nonproprietary name

Answer 6

generic name (example: diazepam)

Question 7

drug nomenclature

brand name assigned by the pharmaceutical company

Answer 7

trad name (example:valilum)

Question 8

same type and amount of active ingredients, same administration route, same pharmacokinetic profile, same therapeutic effects

Answer 8

generic vs name brand drugs

Question 9

Bioequivalent does not guarantee what 2 things?

Answer 9

1. that patients will not experience different effect from brand name drug
2. lower overall health care expenses (if adverse effects persent)

Question 11

non-prescription vs perscription

what are the 5 benefits of OTC medications?

Answer 11

1. can be purchased directly by consumer
2. improved access
3. relatively nimor problems
4. lower risk of toxicity
5. may have lower therapeutic effect and cause a delay in a more appropriate prescription medication

Question 12

drug safety

waht is the therapeutic index (TI) equation?

Answer 12

median toxic dose / median effective does = TI

Question 13

drug safety

is a higher or lower TI considered safer? why?

Answer 13

A higher TI is safer.
This is because it takes more for the medication to be considered toxic

Question 14

pharmacokinetics - administration

waht are the two primary routes for pharmacokinetic administration?

Answer 14

1. enteral (alimentary canal/the whole passage along which food passes through body)
2. parenteral (nonalimentary routes)

Question 15

administration - enteral

what are the 3 advantages of oral administrtion?

Answer 15

easy
safe
convenient

Question 16

administration - enteral

what are the 2 disadvantages of oral administration?

Answer 16

limited/erratic absorption
change offirst pass inactivation in liver

Question 17

administration - enteral

what are the 2 advantages of sublingual/buccal administration?

Answer 17

rapid onset
not subject to first pass inactivation

Question 18

administration - enteral

What is the distadvantage of sublinual/buccal administration?

Answer 18

must be easily absorbed from oral mucosa

Question 19

administration - enteral

what are the 2 advantages to rectal administration?

Answer 19

alternative to local rout
local effect on rectal tissues

Question 20

administration - enteral

What are the 2 disadvantages of rectal administation?

Answer 20

• poor/incomplete absorption
• chance of rectal irritation

Question 21

administration - parenteral

what are the 3 advantages of inhalation administration?

Answer 21

• rapid onset
• direction application to respiratory disorders
• large surface area for systemic absorption

Question 22

administration - parenteral

what are the 2 disadvantages of inhalation administration?

Answer 22

• chance of tissue irritation
• lower compliance

Question 23

administration - parenteral

what are the 2 advantages of injection administration?

Answer 23

• direct administration to target tissue
• rapid onset

Question 24

administration - parenteral

what are the 2 disadvantages of injection administration?

Answer 24

• higer risk of infection
• injection done incorrectly (for example: nerve root irritation)

Question 25

# administration - parenteral - injection What are the 5 types of parenteral inejctions?

Answer 25

- intramuscular (IM) - intrathecal - IV - intra-arterial - subcutaneous

Question 26

# administration - parenteral - injection what type of injection can treat the problem located directy in the inected muscle? can provide realtively steady, prolonged release of drug into systemic circuation?

Answer 26

intramuscular (IM)

Question 27

# administration - parenteral - injection What is one downside to IM injection?

Answer 27

- one down side is significant local pain and prolonged soreness, limited use for repeated administration

Question 28

# administration - parenteral - injection What type of injection delivers medication within a sheath? gain better access to spinal cord by injecting into subarachnoid space?

Answer 28

intrathecal

Question 29

# administration - parenteral - injection what type of injection allows drug to bypass the BBB to reach CNS?

Answer 29

intrathecal

Question 30

# administration - parenteral - injection what type of injection has increased bioavailabililty? accurate/known quantity into blood stream over short period of time? is helpful whe nemds needed in emergency situations to exerct immediate effect?

Answer 30

IV

Question 31

# administration - parenteral - injection what injection type has peak levels of the drug achieved almost instantaneously in peripheral circulation?

Answer 31

IV

Question 32

# administration - parenteral - injection what type of injeciton has increased bioavailability? is difficult, dangerous and often used in chemotherapy?

Answer 32

intra-arterial

Question 33

# administration - parenteral - injection Intra arterial injection may be used to administer what?

Answer 33

radiopaque dye for diagnostic procedures

Question 34

# administration - parenteral - injection what type of injection can permit slower/prolonged release of medication into systemic circulation (like insulin)

Answer 34

subcutaneous

Question 35

# bioavailability what is bioavailabilty of a drug?

Answer 35

percentage of the drug administered taht reached the bloodstream

Question 36

# bioavailability if 100mg of medication is taken orally, what is its bioavailability?

Answer 36

50% (50 mg eventually make it into the bloodstream)

Question 37

# bioavailability if 100mg of medicatioin is inected via IV, what is its bioavailability?

Answer 37

100%

Question 38

# pharmacokinetics - absorption T/F drugs MUST move across cell membranes and tisue barriers?

Answer 38

True

Question 39

# pharmacokinetics - absoprtion what are cell membranes rimarily composed of?

Answer 39

lipids and proteins

Question 40

# pharmacokinetics - absorption how do drugs usually pass through the memebrane?

Answer 40

by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

Question 41

# pharmacokinetics-absorption substances such as _________ pass through small pores

Answer 41

water | depends on size, shape, electrical charge of the molecule

Question 42

# pharmacokinetics - distribution what are the 4 factors that affect distribution?

Answer 42

1. tissue permeability 2. blood flow (disease that would cause decrease in blood flow) 3. binding to plasma proteins 4. binding to subcellular components

Question 43

# pharmacokinetics - distribution where is the primary site for drug storage?

Answer 43

adipose tissue ## Footnote stays for a long time

Question 44

# pharmacokinetics - distribution acts as storage for several toxic agents (heavy metals and lead)

Answer 44

bone

Question 45

# pharmacokinetics - distribution often stored within certain organs namely _______ and ________

Answer 45

liver and kidneys

Question 46

T/F liver and kidneys are often subjected to local damage when these organs must deal with higher concentration of therapeutic agents?

Answer 46

true

Question 47

how is the drug prevented from reaching target site?

Answer 47

reservoir "soaks up" the drug and prevents it

Question 48

what can happen to the storage sites of drugs in the body?

Answer 48

storage sites can leak the drug for redistribuiton for prolonged effect

Question 49

what are the 3 newer delivery techniques for drugs?

Answer 49

1. controlled release 2. implanted 3. trageted delivery

Question 50

what delivery technique permits slower/prolonged absorption, decreases number of doses needed each day and preverts large fluctuations in drug concentratioin?

Answer 50

controlled relase (example: anti parkinsons drugs)

Question 51

what type of drug delivery technique releases a small, measured dose of drug on pre-programmed schedule and can be manually controlled for greater patient control of dosage?

Answer 51

implanted

Question 52

what type of delvery technique focuses the drug effects on specific tissues and reduces side effects?

Answer 52

targeted delivery

Question 53

# pharmacokinetics - elimination what are the 4 biotransformation reactions?

Answer 53

1. oxidation 2. reduction 3. hydrolysis 4. conjugation

Question 54

# pharmacokinetics - elimination oxygen is added or hydrogen is removed?

Answer 54

oxidation reaction for elimination

Question 55

# pharmacokinetics - elimination oxygen is removed or hydrogen is added?

Answer 55

reduction reaction for elimination

Question 56

# pharmacokinetics - elimination broken into separate parts?

Answer 56

hydrolysis reaction for elimination

Question 57

# pharmacokinetics - elimination coupled to an endogenous substance

Answer 57

conjugation reaction for elimination

Question 58

# pharmacokinetics - elimination what is the primary location for drug metabolism?

Answer 58

the liver

Question 59

# pharmacokinetics - elimination Where is the primary sites for drug excretion?

Answer 59

the kidneys

Question 60

What is clearance refer to with drug concentration?

Answer 60

refers to an organ ortissue's ability to eliminate the drug

Question 61

what is a half-life?

Answer 61

amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated ## Footnote disease states can affect clearance and will alter drugs half life

Question 62

drugs are generally _____ metabolized as quickly in the elderly

Answer 62

not

Question 63

diet is shown to affect what 3 things?

Answer 63

1. absorption 2. metabolism 3. response to drugs

Question 64

# variation in drug response and metabolism what 13 things affect drug response?

Answer 64

1. genetics 2. disease 3. drug interaction (2 or more drugs) 4. age 5. diet 6. sex 7. environment 8. occupation 9. cigarette smoking 10. alcohol consumption 11. obesity 12. spinal cord injries 13. extensive burn injuries