lecture 1 - intro to pharm Flashcards
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioequivalence, OTC, Prescription drugs, therapeutic index, common routes, drug delivery
areas of study within pharmacology
What is the study of therapuetic effects of drugs called?
pharmacotherapeutics
areas of study within pharmacology
what is the study of harmful effects of drugs called?
toxicology
areas of study within pharmacology
what is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, and elimates the drugs called?
pharmacokinetics
areas of study within pharmacology
analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect called?
pharmacodynamics
drug nomeclature
referes to the specific compounds structure.
Usually fairly long and cumbersome
chemical name (example: benzodiazepin)
drug nomeclature
nonproprietary name
generic name (example: diazepam)
drug nomenclature
brand name assigned by the pharmaceutical company
trad name (example:valilum)
same type and amount of active ingredients, same administration route, same pharmacokinetic profile, same therapeutic effects
generic vs name brand drugs
Bioequivalent does not guarantee what 2 things?
- that patients will not experience different effect from brand name drug
- lower overall health care expenses (if adverse effects persent)
non-prescription vs perscription
what are the 5 benefits of OTC medications?
- can be purchased directly by consumer
- improved access
- relatively nimor problems
- lower risk of toxicity
- may have lower therapeutic effect and cause a delay in a more appropriate prescription medication
drug safety
waht is the therapeutic index (TI) equation?
median toxic dose / median effective does = TI
drug safety
is a higher or lower TI considered safer? why?
A higher TI is safer.
This is because it takes more for the medication to be considered toxic
pharmacokinetics - administration
waht are the two primary routes for pharmacokinetic administration?
- enteral (alimentary canal/the whole passage along which food passes through body)
- parenteral (nonalimentary routes)
administration - enteral
what are the 3 advantages of oral administrtion?
easy
safe
convenient
administration - enteral
what are the 2 disadvantages of oral administration?
limited/erratic absorption
change offirst pass inactivation in liver
administration - enteral
what are the 2 advantages of sublingual/buccal administration?
rapid onset
not subject to first pass inactivation
administration - enteral
What is the distadvantage of sublinual/buccal administration?
must be easily absorbed from oral mucosa
administration - enteral
what are the 2 advantages to rectal administration?
alternative to local rout
local effect on rectal tissues
administration - enteral
What are the 2 disadvantages of rectal administation?
- poor/incomplete absorption
- chance of rectal irritation
administration - parenteral
what are the 3 advantages of inhalation administration?
- rapid onset
- direction application to respiratory disorders
- large surface area for systemic absorption
administration - parenteral
what are the 2 disadvantages of inhalation administration?
- chance of tissue irritation
- lower compliance
administration - parenteral
what are the 2 advantages of injection administration?
- direct administration to target tissue
- rapid onset
administration - parenteral
what are the 2 disadvantages of injection administration?
- higer risk of infection
- injection done incorrectly (for example: nerve root irritation)
administration - parenteral - injection
What are the 5 types of parenteral inejctions?
- intramuscular (IM)
- intrathecal
- IV
- intra-arterial
- subcutaneous
administration - parenteral - injection
what type of injection can treat the problem located directy in the inected muscle? can provide realtively steady, prolonged release of drug into systemic circuation?
intramuscular (IM)
administration - parenteral - injection
What is one downside to IM injection?
- one down side is significant local pain and prolonged soreness, limited use for repeated administration
administration - parenteral - injection
What type of injection delivers medication within a sheath? gain better access to spinal cord by injecting into subarachnoid space?
intrathecal
administration - parenteral - injection
what type of injection allows drug to bypass the BBB to reach CNS?
intrathecal
administration - parenteral - injection
what type of injection has increased bioavailabililty? accurate/known quantity into blood stream over short period of time? is helpful whe nemds needed in emergency situations to exerct immediate effect?
IV
administration - parenteral - injection
what injection type has peak levels of the drug achieved almost instantaneously in peripheral circulation?
IV
administration - parenteral - injection
what type of injeciton has increased bioavailability? is difficult, dangerous and often used in chemotherapy?
intra-arterial
administration - parenteral - injection
Intra arterial injection may be used to administer what?
radiopaque dye for diagnostic procedures
administration - parenteral - injection
what type of injection can permit slower/prolonged release of medication into systemic circulation (like insulin)
subcutaneous
bioavailability
what is bioavailabilty of a drug?
percentage of the drug administered taht reached the bloodstream
bioavailability
if 100mg of medication is taken orally, what is its bioavailability?
50% (50 mg eventually make it into the bloodstream)
bioavailability
if 100mg of medicatioin is inected via IV, what is its bioavailability?
100%
pharmacokinetics - absorption
T/F drugs MUST move across cell membranes and tisue barriers?
True
pharmacokinetics - absoprtion
what are cell membranes rimarily composed of?
lipids and proteins
pharmacokinetics - absorption
how do drugs usually pass through the memebrane?
by dissolving in the lipid bilayer
pharmacokinetics-absorption
substances such as _________ pass through small pores
water
depends on size, shape, electrical charge of the molecule
pharmacokinetics - distribution
what are the 4 factors that affect distribution?
- tissue permeability
- blood flow (disease that would cause decrease in blood flow)
- binding to plasma proteins
- binding to subcellular components
pharmacokinetics - distribution
where is the primary site for drug storage?
adipose tissue
stays for a long time
pharmacokinetics - distribution
acts as storage for several toxic agents (heavy metals and lead)
bone
pharmacokinetics - distribution
often stored within certain organs namely _______ and ________
liver and kidneys
T/F liver and kidneys are often subjected to local damage when these organs must deal with higher concentration of therapeutic agents?
true
how is the drug prevented from reaching target site?
reservoir “soaks up” the drug and prevents it
what can happen to the storage sites of drugs in the body?
storage sites can leak the drug for redistribuiton for prolonged effect
what are the 3 newer delivery techniques for drugs?
- controlled release
- implanted
- trageted delivery
what delivery technique permits slower/prolonged absorption, decreases number of doses needed each day and preverts large fluctuations in drug concentratioin?
controlled relase (example: anti parkinsons drugs)
what type of drug delivery technique releases a small, measured dose of drug on pre-programmed schedule and can be manually controlled for greater patient control of dosage?
implanted
what type of delvery technique focuses the drug effects on specific tissues and reduces side effects?
targeted delivery
pharmacokinetics - elimination
what are the 4 biotransformation reactions?
- oxidation
- reduction
- hydrolysis
- conjugation
pharmacokinetics - elimination
oxygen is added or hydrogen is removed?
oxidation reaction for elimination
pharmacokinetics - elimination
oxygen is removed or hydrogen is added?
reduction reaction for elimination
pharmacokinetics - elimination
broken into separate parts?
hydrolysis reaction for elimination
pharmacokinetics - elimination
coupled to an endogenous substance
conjugation reaction for elimination
pharmacokinetics - elimination
what is the primary location for drug metabolism?
the liver
pharmacokinetics - elimination
Where is the primary sites for drug excretion?
the kidneys
What is clearance refer to with drug concentration?
refers to an organ ortissue’s ability to eliminate the drug
what is a half-life?
amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated
disease states can affect clearance and will alter drugs half life
drugs are generally _____ metabolized as quickly in the elderly
not
diet is shown to affect what 3 things?
- absorption
- metabolism
- response to drugs
variation in drug response and metabolism
what 13 things affect drug response?
- genetics
- disease
- drug interaction (2 or more drugs)
- age
- diet
- sex
- environment
- occupation
- cigarette smoking
- alcohol consumption
- obesity
- spinal cord injries
- extensive burn injuries
