Endocrine system/antibacterial drugs/antiviral/anitfungal/antiparasitic

Question 1

What are the three main clinical uses of endocrine drugs?

Answer 1

Replacement therapy. Treating excessive endocrine function. Altering normal endocrine function.

Question 2

What are hormones, and what do they do?

Answer 2

Hormones are chemical messengers that: Bind to or permeate cell surfaces. Alter metabolic activity by activating/deactivating enzymes. Influence gene expression and behavior of cells.

Question 3

How are hormones transported?

Answer 3

Through systemic circulation, often with protein carriers.

Question 4

What are the challenges in hormone replacement therapy?

Answer 4

Regulating optimal dosage. Interactions with other endogenous hormones. Potential drug-induced side effects.

Question 5

Match hypothalamic hormones with their functions.

Answer 5

GHRH: Increases growth hormone (GH) release. GHIH: Decreases GH release. GnRH: Increases luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). TRH: Increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release. CRH: Increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). PIF: Decreases prolactin (Pr) release.

Question 6

Match anterior pituitary hormones with their effects.

mnuemonic for Anterior pituitary hormones: FLAT PG

Answer 6

FSH: Aids in follicular development and spermatogenesis.
LH: Stimulates ovulation and sex hormone synthesis.
ACTH: Promotes adrenal steroid
synthesis.
TSH: Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis.

Prolactin: Initiates lactation.
GH: Promotes tissue growth and development.

Question 7

What are the posterior pituitary hormones and their functions?

Answer 7

ADH: Promotes renal absorption of water. Oxytocin: Facilitates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

Question 8

What hormones are secreted by the thyroid, and what do they do?

Answer 8

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) regulate metabolism and growth.

Question 9

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate?

Answer 9

Blood calcium levels.

Question 10

What are the roles of insulin and glucagon secreted by the pancreas?

Answer 10

Insulin: Reduces blood glucose and promotes storage of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Glucagon: Increases blood glucose.

Question 11

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce, and their effects?

Answer 11

Epinephrine and norepinephrine regulate vascular and metabolic responses to facilitate physical activity.

Question 12

What is diabetes mellitus, and what are its types?

Answer 12

A condition of insufficient insulin secretion or reduced peripheral insulin effects, categorized into Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

Question 13

What is a primary adverse effect of insulin therapy?

Answer 13

Hypoglycemia, especially during strenuous physical activity.

Question 14

What is the primary goal of antibacterial drugs?

Answer 14

Selective toxicity—destroying pathogens without harming host cells.

Question 15

Differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs.

Answer 15

Bactericidal: Kill bacteria outright. Bacteriostatic: Limit bacterial growth and proliferation.

Question 16

What are basic mechanisms of antibacterial drugs?

Answer 16

Inhibiting cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillin). Inhibiting protein synthesis (e.g., tetracycline). Inhibiting DNA/RNA function (e.g., rifampin).

Question 17

What are key adverse effects of penicillin?

Answer 17

Allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, and rare but severe skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.

Question 18

How can resistance to antibacterial drugs be mitigated?

Answer 18

Conducting culture and sensitivity tests. Completing dosage regimens fully. Using selective antibiotics.

Question 19

Describe the stages of viral replication.

Answer 19

Absorption: Virus enters host cell.

Penetration and Uncoating: Viral DNA/RNA released inside the host.

Biosynthesis: Virus replicates using host ribosomes.

Maturation and Release: New viruses exit the host cell.

Question 20

What is the role of interferons?

Answer 20

They help healthy cells resist infection by activating pathways that inhibit viral mRNA and protein synthesis.

Question 21

How do vaccines prevent viral infections?

Answer 21

By introducing a modified virus that triggers the immune system to produce virus-specific antibodies.

Question 22

What are antifungal drugs used for, and how do they work?

Answer 22

Treat fungal infections (mycoses) by: Disrupting membrane function. Impairing RNA and protein synthesis. Inhibiting mitosis.

Question 23

Who is at the highest risk of severe fungal infections?

Answer 23

Immunocompromised patients.

Question 24

What are adverse effects of antifungal drugs?

Answer 24

GI distress, hepatotoxicity, anemia, leukopenia, and photosensitivity.

Question 25

What do antiparasitic drugs target?

Answer 25

Parasitic worms like tapeworms and roundworms.