Endocrine system/antibacterial drugs/antiviral/anitfungal/antiparasitic Flashcards
What are the three main clinical uses of endocrine drugs?
Replacement therapy. Treating excessive endocrine function. Altering normal endocrine function.
What are hormones, and what do they do?
Hormones are chemical messengers that: Bind to or permeate cell surfaces. Alter metabolic activity by activating/deactivating enzymes. Influence gene expression and behavior of cells.
How are hormones transported?
Through systemic circulation, often with protein carriers.
What are the challenges in hormone replacement therapy?
Regulating optimal dosage. Interactions with other endogenous hormones. Potential drug-induced side effects.
Match hypothalamic hormones with their functions.
GHRH: Increases growth hormone (GH) release. GHIH: Decreases GH release. GnRH: Increases luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). TRH: Increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release. CRH: Increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). PIF: Decreases prolactin (Pr) release.
Match anterior pituitary hormones with their effects.
mnuemonic for Anterior pituitary hormones: FLAT PG
FSH: Aids in follicular development and spermatogenesis.
LH: Stimulates ovulation and sex hormone synthesis.
ACTH: Promotes adrenal steroid
synthesis.
TSH: Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis.
Prolactin: Initiates lactation.
GH: Promotes tissue growth and development.
What are the posterior pituitary hormones and their functions?
ADH: Promotes renal absorption of water. Oxytocin: Facilitates uterine contractions and milk ejection.
What hormones are secreted by the thyroid, and what do they do?
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) regulate metabolism and growth.
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate?
Blood calcium levels.
What are the roles of insulin and glucagon secreted by the pancreas?
Insulin: Reduces blood glucose and promotes storage of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Glucagon: Increases blood glucose.
What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce, and their effects?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine regulate vascular and metabolic responses to facilitate physical activity.
What is diabetes mellitus, and what are its types?
A condition of insufficient insulin secretion or reduced peripheral insulin effects, categorized into Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
What is a primary adverse effect of insulin therapy?
Hypoglycemia, especially during strenuous physical activity.
What is the primary goal of antibacterial drugs?
Selective toxicity—destroying pathogens without harming host cells.
Differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs.
Bactericidal: Kill bacteria outright. Bacteriostatic: Limit bacterial growth and proliferation.
What are basic mechanisms of antibacterial drugs?
Inhibiting cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillin). Inhibiting protein synthesis (e.g., tetracycline). Inhibiting DNA/RNA function (e.g., rifampin).
What are key adverse effects of penicillin?
Allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, and rare but severe skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
How can resistance to antibacterial drugs be mitigated?
Conducting culture and sensitivity tests. Completing dosage regimens fully. Using selective antibiotics.
Describe the stages of viral replication.
Absorption: Virus enters host cell.
Penetration and Uncoating: Viral DNA/RNA released inside the host.
Biosynthesis: Virus replicates using host ribosomes.
Maturation and Release: New viruses exit the host cell.
What is the role of interferons?
They help healthy cells resist infection by activating pathways that inhibit viral mRNA and protein synthesis.
How do vaccines prevent viral infections?
By introducing a modified virus that triggers the immune system to produce virus-specific antibodies.
What are antifungal drugs used for, and how do they work?
Treat fungal infections (mycoses) by: Disrupting membrane function. Impairing RNA and protein synthesis. Inhibiting mitosis.
Who is at the highest risk of severe fungal infections?
Immunocompromised patients.
What are adverse effects of antifungal drugs?
GI distress, hepatotoxicity, anemia, leukopenia, and photosensitivity.
