ANS

Question 1

What is the ANS primarily responsible for controlling?

Answer 1

involuntary functions in the body

Question 2

except for what type of muscle…virtually all tissues in the body are innercated in some way by the ANS

Answer 2

sleletal muscle

Question 3

sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways with in the ANS maintain homeostasis of various activites including…

Answer 3

• BP control
• theromoregulation
• digestion
• elimination

Question 4

what are 2 primary neurotransmitters used in synpatic transmission within the ANS?

Answer 4

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine

Question 5

What are the two primary types of autonomic receptors?

Answer 5

• cholinergic
• adrenergic

Question 6

cholinergic receptors are found under what neurotransmitter?

Answer 6

ACh

Question 7

adrenergic receptors are found under what neurotransmitter?

Answer 7

norepinephrine

Question 8

cholinergic receptors have what 2 other receptors?

Answer 8

muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 9

adrenergic receptors have what two to other receptors

Answer 9

alpha and beta receptors

Question 10

drug effects

how do autonomic drugs typically exert their therapeutic effects?

Answer 10

by either stimulting or blocking a specific subtype of cholinergic or adrenergic receptor

Question 11

what increases cholinergic activity?

Answer 11

stimulants

Question 12

Describe the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Answer 12

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are physiological antagonists that work together to maintain homeostasis of various bodily activities.
- The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight,”
- parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest and digest.”

Question 13

What is the mechanism of action of cholinergic stimulants?

Answer 13

Cholinergic stimulants increase cholinergic activity by binding to acetylcholine receptors and activating them (direct-acting stimulants)

or by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which breaks down ACh. This increases the concentration of ACh in the synapse, leading to enhanced cholinergic effects.

Question 14

cholinergic stimulants are often administered to treat?

Answer 14

• increase GI and urinary bladder tone
• glaucoma
• myasthenia gravis
• alzheimer disease

Question 15

T/F antocholingergic drugs do not inhibit cholinergic activity?

Answer 15

false - acts as competitive antagonist, binds to the cholinergicreceptor but des not activate it

Question 16

anticholingergic drugs primarily are used to treat?

Answer 16

• overactive bladder
• bronchoconstriction
• excessive GI motility and secretion
• decrease symptoms of parkinson disease

Question 17

beta antagonists

betablockers are generally administered for their effect on what?

Answer 17

beta-1 receptors located on the heart

• slow down HR

Question 18

beta antagonists

betablockers typically end in what?

Answer 18

lol

Question 19

beta antagonists ( betablockers) are primarily used dto treat?

Answer 19

• hypertension
• arrhythmias
• angina pectoris
• heart failrue

Question 20

beta anatagonists

adverse effects of beta blockers includes?

8 total

Answer 20

• exercissive depression of cardiac function (excessive bradycardia)
• orthostatic hyPOtension
• dizziness
• synope
• depression
• lethargy
• sleep disorders
• GI disturbances

Question 21

alpha 1 adrenergic agonists

are used as what type of agents?

Answer 21

antihypotensive
nasal decongestants

Question 22

alpha 1 adrenergic agonists increase what?

Answer 22

peripheral vascular resistance

Question 23

what are side effects of alpha-1-adrenergic agonists?

6 total

Answer 23

• increase BP
• headache
• abnormally slow HR (relfex of bradycardia)
• chest pain (angina)
• difficulty breathing
• feelings of nervousness

Question 24

what does alpha-2 receptors treat?

Answer 24

• hypertension
• spasticity

Question 25

what does alpha 2 receptors inhibit?

Answer 25

neuronal activity at the brainstem and spinal cord

Question 26

beta-1 agonists are primarily used for their ability to?

Answer 26

their ability to stimulate the heart

Question 27

beta-2 agonists are used in the treatment of ? and why?

Answer 27

asthma and premature labor - their ability to relax bronchiole and uterine smooth muscle

Question 28

# alpha 1 receptors primary receptor location ? primary response when stimulated?

Answer 28

- vascular smooth muscle - vasoconstriction

Question 29

# alpha 1 receptors what isthe agonist use of these receptors?

Answer 29

- hypotension - nasal congestion - paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia

Question 30

# alpha-1 receptor what is the antagonist use of this receptor?

Answer 30

- hypertension - benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 31

# alpha-2 receptor primary receptor location? response when stimulated?

Answer 31

CNS synapses (inhibitory)

Question 32

# alpha-2 receptor agonist use of this receptor?

Answer 32

hypertension spasticity

Question 33

# alpha-2 receptor antagonist use of this receptor?

Answer 33

no significant clinical use

Question 34

# beta-1 receptor primary receptor location? response when stimulated?

Answer 34

heart increase HR and force of contraction

Question 35

# beta-1 receptor agonist use of receptor?

Answer 35

cardiac decompensation

Question 36

# beta-1 receptor antagonist use of receptor?

Answer 36

- hypertension - arrhythmia - angina pectoris - heart failure - prevention of reinfarction

Question 37

# beta-2 receptor primary receptor location? response when stimulated?

Answer 37

bronchioels: bronchodilation uterus: relaxation

Question 38

# beta-2 receptor agonist use of this receptor?

Answer 38

prevent bronchospasm prevent premature labor

Question 39

# beta-2 receptor antagonist use of this receptor?

Answer 39

no significant clinical use

Question 40

# calcium channel blockers what were calcium channel blockers originally developed to treat?

Answer 40

certain forms ofangina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 41

what are calcium channel blockers now recongized as being beneficial inthe treatment of?

Answer 41

essential hypertension

Question 42

what is the side effect of calcium channel blockers?

Answer 42

impaired glucose or lipid metabolism

Question 43

what is hypertension?

Answer 43

- sustained reproducible increase in BP

Question 44

what pecent of the United States is affected by hypertension?

Answer 44

30% of gen pop aged 20 and over

Question 45

what are 6 hypertension risk factors?

Answer 45

- diet - stress - genetic predisposition - cigarette smoking - alcohol abuse - obesity

Question 46

what are 5 common hypertension medications?

Answer 46

- diuretics - sympatholytics (alpha blockers, beta blockers) - vascodilators - renin-angiotensin system inhibitors - calcium channel blockers