ANS Flashcards
What is the ANS primarily responsible for controlling?
involuntary functions in the body
except for what type of muscle…virtually all tissues in the body are innercated in some way by the ANS
sleletal muscle
sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways with in the ANS maintain homeostasis of various activites including…
- BP control
- theromoregulation
- digestion
- elimination
what are 2 primary neurotransmitters used in synpatic transmission within the ANS?
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
What are the two primary types of autonomic receptors?
- cholinergic
- adrenergic
cholinergic receptors are found under what neurotransmitter?
ACh
adrenergic receptors are found under what neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
cholinergic receptors have what 2 other receptors?
muscarinic and nicotinic
adrenergic receptors have what two to other receptors
alpha and beta receptors
drug effects
how do autonomic drugs typically exert their therapeutic effects?
by either stimulting or blocking a specific subtype of cholinergic or adrenergic receptor
what increases cholinergic activity?
stimulants
Describe the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are physiological antagonists that work together to maintain homeostasis of various bodily activities.
- The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight,”
- parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest and digest.”
What is the mechanism of action of cholinergic stimulants?
Cholinergic stimulants increase cholinergic activity by binding to acetylcholine receptors and activating them (direct-acting stimulants)
or by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which breaks down ACh. This increases the concentration of ACh in the synapse, leading to enhanced cholinergic effects.
cholinergic stimulants are often administered to treat?
- increase GI and urinary bladder tone
- glaucoma
- myasthenia gravis
- alzheimer disease
T/F antocholingergic drugs do not inhibit cholinergic activity?
false - acts as competitive antagonist, binds to the cholinergicreceptor but des not activate it
anticholingergic drugs primarily are used to treat?
- overactive bladder
- bronchoconstriction
- excessive GI motility and secretion
- decrease symptoms of parkinson disease
beta antagonists
betablockers are generally administered for their effect on what?
beta-1 receptors located on the heart
- slow down HR
beta antagonists
betablockers typically end in what?
lol
beta antagonists ( betablockers) are primarily used dto treat?
- hypertension
- arrhythmias
- angina pectoris
- heart failrue
beta anatagonists
adverse effects of beta blockers includes?
8 total
- exercissive depression of cardiac function (excessive bradycardia)
- orthostatic hyPOtension
- dizziness
- synope
- depression
- lethargy
- sleep disorders
- GI disturbances
alpha 1 adrenergic agonists
are used as what type of agents?
antihypotensive
nasal decongestants
alpha 1 adrenergic agonists increase what?
peripheral vascular resistance
what are side effects of alpha-1-adrenergic agonists?
6 total
- increase BP
- headache
- abnormally slow HR (relfex of bradycardia)
- chest pain (angina)
- difficulty breathing
- feelings of nervousness
what does alpha-2 receptors treat?
- hypertension
- spasticity
what does alpha 2 receptors inhibit?
neuronal activity at the brainstem and spinal cord
beta-1 agonists are primarily used for their ability to?
their ability to stimulate the heart
beta-2 agonists are used in the treatment of ? and why?
asthma and premature labor
- their ability to relax bronchiole and uterine smooth muscle
alpha 1 receptors
primary receptor location ?
primary response when stimulated?
- vascular smooth muscle
- vasoconstriction
alpha 1 receptors
what isthe agonist use of these receptors?
- hypotension
- nasal congestion
- paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia
alpha-1 receptor
what is the antagonist use of this receptor?
- hypertension
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
alpha-2 receptor
primary receptor location?
response when stimulated?
CNS synapses (inhibitory)
alpha-2 receptor
agonist use of this receptor?
hypertension
spasticity
alpha-2 receptor
antagonist use of this receptor?
no significant clinical use
beta-1 receptor
primary receptor location?
response when stimulated?
heart
increase HR and force of contraction
beta-1 receptor
agonist use of receptor?
cardiac decompensation
beta-1 receptor
antagonist use of receptor?
- hypertension
- arrhythmia
- angina pectoris
- heart failure
- prevention of reinfarction
beta-2 receptor
primary receptor location?
response when stimulated?
bronchioels: bronchodilation
uterus: relaxation
beta-2 receptor
agonist use of this receptor?
prevent bronchospasm
prevent premature labor
beta-2 receptor
antagonist use of this receptor?
no significant clinical use
calcium channel blockers
what were calcium channel blockers originally developed to treat?
certain forms ofangina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias
what are calcium channel blockers now recongized as being beneficial inthe treatment of?
essential hypertension
what is the side effect of calcium channel blockers?
impaired glucose or lipid metabolism
what is hypertension?
- sustained reproducible increase in BP
what pecent of the United States is affected by hypertension?
30% of gen pop aged 20 and over
what are 6 hypertension risk factors?
- diet
- stress
- genetic predisposition
- cigarette smoking
- alcohol abuse
- obesity
what are 5 common hypertension medications?
- diuretics
- sympatholytics (alpha blockers, beta blockers)
- vascodilators
- renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
- calcium channel blockers
