Respiratory and Cardiology

Question 1

What are the objectives of stabilizing respiratory emergencies?

Answer 1

Perform visual and hands-on physical exams, localize respiratory disease based on patterns, understand initial stabilization steps, identify indications for intubation and troubleshoot intubation.

Question 2

What is the obstructive breathing pattern associated with?

Answer 2

Slow, deep breaths; common with upper airway obstructions (stertor, stridor).

Question 3

What characterizes a restrictive breathing pattern?

Answer 3

Rapid, shallow breathing; seen with parenchymal disease, pleural space disease.

Question 4

What does opioid sedation (e.g., butorphanol) do?

Answer 4

Reduces airway turbulence and work of breathing.

Question 5

List the indications for intubation.

Answer 5

• Upper airway obstruction
• Unprotected airway
• Hypoventilation
• Respiratory fatigue

Question 6

What is the glide sign in thoracic ultrasound?

Answer 6

Normal lung movement.

Question 7

What does loss of glide indicate on ultrasound?

Answer 7

Pneumothorax.

Question 8

What is pleural effusion seen as on ultrasound?

Answer 8

Fluid between parietal and visceral pleura.

Question 9

What indicates lung consolidation on ultrasound?

Answer 9

Pathology such as pneumonia, atelectasis.

Question 10

What does the presence of A-lines on lung ultrasound indicate?

Answer 10

Normal air-filled lung.

Question 11

What do B-lines on lung ultrasound indicate?

Answer 11

Interstitial edema (e.g., pneumonia, pulmonary contusions).

Question 12

What are common clinical signs of upper airway obstruction?

Answer 12

• Stertor
• Stridor
• Obstructive breathing patterns

Question 13

What is Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)?

Answer 13

Stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, hypoplastic trachea.

Question 14

What are the common causes of pleural effusion?

Answer 14

• Transudate (low protein, low cells): CHF, hypoalbuminemia
• Exudate (high protein, high cells): Infection (pyothorax), neoplasia
• Chylous effusion: Lymphatic obstruction, heart disease
• Hemothorax: Trauma, coagulopathy, neoplasia

Question 15

What is the primary emergency treatment for pleural effusion?

Answer 15

Thoracocentesis.

Question 16

What are the 5 P’s of Feline Aortic Thromboembolism (FATE)?

Answer 16

• Pulselessness
• Pallor
• Pain
• Paresis
• Poikilothermia (cold limbs)

Question 17

What are the differential diagnoses for syncope?

Answer 17

• Cardiac: Tachyarrhythmias, Bradyarrhythmias, Low CO
• Neurologic: Reflex-mediated, Seizures
• Metabolic: Hypoglycemia, Hypocalcemia, Uremia
• Other: Cyanotic heart disease, Hyperviscosity, Drug-related

Question 18

What is the diagnosis for a case with frequent premature ventricular complexes and syncope?

Answer 18

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC).

Question 19

List the acute treatments for ARVC.

Answer 19

• IV antiarrhythmics (Lidocaine, Amiodarone, Procainamide)

Question 20

What is the management for Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

Answer 20

Surgical ligation or interventional occlusion.

Question 21

What are the common causes of pulmonary hypertension (PH)?

Answer 21

• Left heart disease
• Pulmonary parenchymal disease (fibrosis, neoplasia)
• Pulmonary thromboemboli (PTE)
• Heartworm disease

Question 22

What is the prognosis for a dog diagnosed with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD)?

Answer 22

Progressive disease but can be managed long-term.

Question 23

What does the presence of gallop sounds indicate in a cat with pleural effusion?

Answer 23

Possible heart disease.

Question 24

What is the treatment for acute congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Answer 24

• Furosemide
• Oxygen
• Sedation
• Thoracocentesis

Question 25

What is the significance of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F ratio)?

Answer 25

A P/F ratio < 300 indicates worsening oxygenation.

Question 26

True or False: Mechanical ventilation is indicated when PaO2 < 60 mmHg despite oxygen therapy.

Answer 26

True.