ChatGPT Exam III: Vison and Dental Flashcards
What are the three types of blindness based on lesion locations?
Retinal, optic nerve, cortical blindness
What does the menace response test assess?
CN II (afferent) & CN VII (efferent); requires learned response
What is the pupillary light reflex (PLR) responsible for?
CN II (afferent) & CN III (efferent); does NOT assess vision
Fill in the blank: The common cause of sudden blindness associated with retinal hemorrhage and hypertension is _______.
Hypertensive retinopathy
What is the characteristic finding in SARDS during the ERG test?
Flatline (no retinal function)
What are the common causes of optic neuritis?
- Infectious (toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis)
- Immune-mediated (GME)
- Neoplasia
True or False: Hypertensive retinopathy is common in older cats.
True
What are the techniques used for fundus examination?
- Direct ophthalmoscopy
- PanOptic ophthalmoscope
- Indirect ophthalmoscopy
What is a tapetum?
Reflective layer in dorsal fundus that enhances night vision
Which species has a holangiotic retinal vascular pattern?
Dogs, cats, ruminants, humans
What is Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)?
Autosomal recessive condition affecting Collies, Shelties, and Aussies
What are the stages of Collie Eye Anomaly?
- Choroidal hypoplasia
- Optic nerve coloboma
- Retinal detachment
Fill in the blank: Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is inherited in more than ______ breeds.
40
What are the signs of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)?
- Night blindness
- Progressive loss
- Complete blindness
What causes retinal degeneration in cats when there is a taurine deficiency?
Blindness and ‘football-shaped’ lesions in retina
What is the recommended dose of enrofloxacin in cats to avoid toxicity?
≤2.5 mg/kg BID
What is the most likely diagnosis for a cat on an all-meat diet showing bilateral tapetal hyperreflectivity?
Taurine deficiency retinopathy
What should a learner focus on when interpreting fundic exams?
Differentiating normal vs. abnormal findings
What is the role of MRI/CT in diagnosing optic neuritis?
Helpful for diagnosis
What are the common systemic diseases affecting vision?
- Hypertension
- Hyperthyroidism
What does the maze test differentiate?
Bright and dim light function
Which species has an anangiotic retina?
Birds
What are the common causes of inflammatory retinal diseases in cats?
- FIP
- Cryptococcus
- Toxoplasmosis
- FeLV
What are the characteristics of active lesions in chorioretinitis?
Hyporeflective, fluid accumulation
What is a characteristic of chronic lesions in chorioretinitis?
Hyperreflective scars
What is an incisional biopsy?
Sampling only of a tumor, used for large or likely malignant tumors.
Incisional biopsy is a technique where only a portion of the tumor is removed for analysis.
What is an excisional biopsy?
Removal of the whole mass, used for small, pedunculated, likely benign tumors.
Excisional biopsy involves complete removal of the tumor for diagnosis and treatment.
What should you NOT do when performing a biopsy?
Use laser or cautery.
Laser or cautery can alter histopathology, making it difficult to diagnose correctly.
What is Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma (POF)?
A slow-growing, gingival, non-ulcerated tumor treated with excision ± tooth extraction.
POF is a type of benign tumor commonly found in dogs.
What characterizes Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma (CAA)?
Rostral, locally invasive, benign tumor requiring wide surgical excision with 1 cm margins.
CAA is a type of oral tumor that can invade surrounding tissues.
What is the common treatment for Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) in dogs?
Surgery and radiation.
SCC is invasive and common in older dogs, necessitating aggressive treatment.
What is the prognosis for melanoma in dogs?
Highly malignant, often treated with aggressive surgery, radiation, and melanoma vaccine.
Melanoma is one of the most serious oral tumors in dogs.
What is the treatment for fibrosarcoma in dogs?
Wide surgical excision.
Fibrosarcoma can appear low-grade histologically but is biologically aggressive.
What are the causes of ulcerative lesions in the oral cavity?
Foreign body, chemical exposure, electrical injury, osteonecrosis.
Each cause has specific features and treatment approaches.
What is Masticatory Muscle Myositis (MMM)?
A condition characterized by painful jaw and muscle atrophy diagnosed with a 2M antibody test.
MMM is an autoimmune disorder affecting the muscles used for chewing.
What is the best diagnostic test for masticatory myositis?
2M antibody test.
This test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing MMM.
What is a dentigerous cyst?
A cyst associated with unerupted teeth, requiring extraction of the tooth and cyst removal.
Dentigerous cysts can cause expansile lesions in the jaw.
What are the characteristics of Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis (CCUS)?
Severe pain, drooling, halitosis, with ‘kissing lesions’ in oral mucosa.
CCUS is a chronic inflammatory condition that may require full-mouth extractions for treatment.
What is the primary treatment for Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis (FCGS)?
Full-mouth extractions as first-line treatment.
FCGS is marked by severe oral inflammation in cats.
What is the prognosis for Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) in cats?
Poor prognosis with <6 months survival.
SCC is the most common oral tumor in cats and is often invasive.
What is the significance of supernumerary teeth in dogs?
Increased risk of malocclusion and periodontal disease.
Supernumerary teeth can lead to dental complications.
What is the treatment for gingival hyperplasia?
May require excision if drug-induced (e.g., cyclosporine).
Gingival hyperplasia can occur as a side effect of certain medications.
What is the best next step for a cat with oral swelling and weight loss after biopsy shows ulcerative stomatitis?
Remove infected bone and reassess.
Surgical debridement is necessary for osteomyelitis.
True or False: Malignant melanoma in dogs is treated conservatively.
False.
Malignant melanoma requires aggressive treatment, including surgery and adjunct therapies.
Fill in the blank: The treatment for dental-related issues like CCUS and FCGS often involves _______.
extractions.
Extractions are common in managing severe oral conditions.
