Respiratory anatomy

Question 1

what are the nerve roots for the primary innervation of the diaphragm?

Answer 1

C3 C4 C5

keep the diaphragm alive

Question 2

how many lobes are there in the right lung?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

why are there only 2 lobes on the left lung?

Answer 3

space taken up by the heart

Question 4

what nerve innervate the diaphragm

Answer 4

phrenic

Question 5

what is the parasympathetic supply of the lungs?

Answer 5

vagus nerve

Question 6

at what vertebral level is the carina?

Answer 6

T4/5

Question 7

what is the carina

Answer 7

bifurcation of the trachea into two main bronchi

Question 8

what is the anatomical surface marking of the horizontal fissure?

Answer 8

right 4th rib

Question 9

what type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 9

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 10

what is the role of cillia?

Answer 10

keep the airway clear, removal of mucous which collects bacteria and dust which is inhaled

Question 11

role of type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 11

thin barrier for diffusion, connected by tight junctions

Question 12

role of type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 12

secret surfactant, decreases surface tension

Question 13

role of alveolar macrophages

Answer 13

immune cells, derived from monocytes, ingest bacteria and particles

Question 14

what are the pores of kohn

Answer 14

holes that keep lungs ventilated, allows transmission of infection

Question 15

what are the role of the 3 turbinates in the nose?

Answer 15

double the surface area of the nose and create the superior, middle and inferior meatus

to increase the amount of inspired air that can come into contact with the cavity walls

make the air flow slower and more turbulant

Question 16

what is the function of the nose

Answer 16

control the temperature of inspired air
filter function
defense- cillia take inhaled particles backwards to be swallowed

Question 17

what are the turbinates/ conchae

Answer 17

curved shells of bone projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Question 18

what are meatuses

Answer 18

pathways of air caused by turbinates

Question 19

describe the features of the superior, middle and inferior meatus

Answer 19

superior- olfactory epithelium, cribriform plate. sphenoid sinus

middle- sinus openings

inferior- nasolacrimal duct (drain tears from eyes)

Question 20

where do the paranasal sinuses drain into

Answer 20

nasal cavity

Question 21

what are the 4 sinuses

Answer 21

frontal sinus,
ethmoid sinus
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus

Question 22

nerve supply to frontal sinus

Answer 22

ophthalmic division of V nerve

Question 23

what are the borders of the pharynx

Answer 23

base of skull and ends at the inferior border of cricoid cartilage C6

Question 24

where is the nasopharynx + lined by located

Answer 24

base of skull and soft palate

respiratory epithelium

Question 25

what is respiratory epithelium

Answer 25

ciliated, pseudostratifed columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 26

where is the oropharynx located

Answer 26

between soft palate and superior border of epiglottis

Question 27

role of larynx

Answer 27

voice box, phonation and cough reflex | valve function- prevent liquids and food entering lungs

Question 28

how are the vocal cords changed

Answer 28

arythenoid cartilages rotate on the cricoid cartilage

Question 29

what are the single larynx cartilages

Answer 29

epiglottis, cricoid and thyroid

Question 30

what are the paired larynx cartilages

Answer 30

cuneform(strengthen vocal cords) corniculate arythenoid (rotate on cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords)

Question 31

what nerve innervates the larynx

Answer 31

superior and recurrent layngeal nerve | branches or vagus nerve

Question 32

what does the internal and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervate

Answer 32

internal- sensation to laynx | external- cricothyroid muscle

Question 33

what does recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate | how do left and right differ

Answer 33

all muscles except cricothyroid left- loops under aorta right- plane between trachea and oesophagus

Question 34

what is the minute ventilation and cardiac output to the lungs

Answer 34

minute ventilation= 5L | cardiac output= 5 litres per minute

Question 35

what is superior and inferior border of trachea

Answer 35

larynx to carina (T5)

Question 36

what is the shape of trachea cartilage

Answer 36

semilunar

Question 37

epithelium of trachea

Answer 37

respiratory | pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

Question 38

which bronchi is more vertically disposed

Answer 38

right | left has to make room for the heart

Question 39

order of lower resp structure

Answer 39

``` trachea main bronchi lobar bronchi segmental branches terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar ducts and alveoli ```

Question 40

what is in the hylum of the lung

Answer 40

airways and blood vessels

Question 41

how many lobes does each lung have

Answer 41

right- 3 | left- 2

Question 42

right lung lobar bronichi names

Answer 42

upper lobe middle lobe lower lobe

Question 43

left lung lobar bronchi names

Answer 43

upper lobe and ligular | lower lobe

Question 44

what is the last conducting unit

Answer 44

terminal bronchiole

Question 45

where is an acinus located

Answer 45

distal to terminal bronchiole

Question 46

describe an acinus

Answer 46

profuse alveoli increasing subdivsion ducts are small tubes with multiple alveoli

Question 47

what are the interconnection between alveoli called

Answer 47

pores of kohn

Question 48

what cell produces surfactant

Answer 48

type II pneumocytes

Question 49

role of surfactant

Answer 49

breaks down surface tension so that alveoli stays open

Question 50

what does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation cause

Answer 50

sympathetic- bronchodilation | parasympathetic- brochoconstriction

Question 51

where does the pleura originate from

Answer 51

mesoderm

Question 52

2 main layers of pleura

Answer 52

visceral- applied to lung surface | parietal- applied to internal chest

Question 53

where are the visceral and parietal layer continuous with each other

Answer 53

lung root

Question 54

parietal or visceral has pain sensation?

Answer 54

parietal pleura

Question 55

what innervation for visceral pleura

Answer 55

autonomic innervation

Question 56

where do L and R pulmonary arteries run from

Answer 56

R ventricle

Question 57

what arteries suppy lungs with oxygenated blood

Answer 57

bronchial arteries