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Medicine; Phase 1 > IMMS homeostasis > Flashcards

IMMS homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

Cells communicate through signals sent to one another, what are these signals (ligands)?

A

Ion, hormone, electrical

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3
Q

What is autocrine communication

A

A cell send a signal which then acts upon itself

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4
Q

Paracrine communication?

A

Cell sends signal a short distance to neighbouring cell through local cellular communication (through gaps between cell, not blood)

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5
Q

Endocrine communication?

A

signal sent signal (hormone) through the bloodstream over a long distance

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6
Q

Exocrine communication

A

secretion via a duct to an organ (salivary/sweat).

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7
Q

What is a feedback loop?

A

when a product feeds back to control its own production

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8
Q

What does positive feedback lead to?

A

signal amplification

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9
Q

What does negative feedback lead to?

A

Signal decrease so less product (hormone) is released, so there is a bearing towards equilibrium

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10
Q

define hormone

A

molecule that acts as a chemical messenger

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11
Q

What are the different types of hormones?

A

peptide
amino acid derivatives
steriod

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12
Q

Do peptide hormones produce a quick reaction in the body?

A

yes

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13
Q

what are the properties of peptide hormones?

A

made of amino acids
vary in size
some have carbohydrate side chains
hydrophillic

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14
Q

What are amino acid hormones synthesised from?

A

tyrosine

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15
Q

Do steriod hormones produce a fast response?

A

No

they produce a slow response

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16
Q

What are steriod hormones made from?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

Can steriod hormones dissolve in water and/or lipids?

A

water- no

lipid- yes

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18
Q

What are the modes of secretion?

A

Merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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19
Q

Is the whole cell lost with apocrine and merocrine secretion?

A

No

the whole cell is lost with holocrine secretion

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20
Q

What is the difference between apocrine and merocrine secretion?

A

merocrine- no part of cell is lost with secretion (salivary gland)
Apocrine- the top of the cell is lost with secretion

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21
Q

Based on 70kg male, total water volume 42 L, (60% of body weight)
What is ICF and ECF volume?

A 
ICF= 28L 
ECF= 14L
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22
Q

From the ECF volume (14L) what is the volume of interstitial fluid and plasma?

A

interstitial fluid= 11L

plasma= 3L

23
Q

define osmosis

A

the net diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential

24
Q

define osmolality

A

1 KG
Total solute concentration of a solution
number of solute particles per 1kg of solvent
higher osmolarity= lower water potential

25
Q

define osmolarity

A

1 L
total solute concentration of a solution
number of solute particles per 1L of solvent (higher osmolarity= lower water potential)

26
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure that must be applied to a solution on one side of a membrane to prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane from a compartment of pure water

27
Q

What is the difference between interstitial fluid and plasma?

A

interstitial fluid surrounds the cells, but does not circulate
plasma circulates as the fluid compartment of blood

28
Q

What is the estimated plasma osmolality?

A

2(Na) + 2(K) + urea + glucose mmol/L

29
Q

Are intra and extra cellular osmolality equal?

A

Yes

30
Q

What does a change in plasma osmolality do?

A

pulls or pushes water across cell membranes

31
Q

under normal circumstances, does fluid intake= fluid loss?

A

yes

32
Q

Why don’t we give water intravenously?

A

water is hypotonic vs cells

so water enters blood cells, causing haemolysis (expand and burst)

33
Q

What 3 things happen after dehydration?

A

ECF osmolality increases

1) release ADH from posterior pituitary
renal water retention
restores ECF osmolality

2) ECF osmolality inc
stimulation of thirst centre in hypothalamus
inc water intake
restores ECF osmolality

3) movement of water from ICF to ECF

34
Q

What can cause water depletion?

A

reduced intake
vomiting/ diarrhoea
sweating

35
Q

What happens after water excess?

A

decrease in ECF osmolality

  • movement of water into ICF
  • inhibition of ADH from posterior pituitary
  • inc urine volume
36
Q

What are the consequences of water excess?

A

hyponatraemia- low levels of sodium
cerebral overhydration
( headache/ confusion)

37
Q

What are the consequences of volume overload?

A
  • ECF volume expansion (organ failure)
  • loss of intravascular fluid into interstitial space
  • Oedema
38
Q

What is an oedema?

A
  • excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial space
39
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid
(high HP causes water moves from plasma into interstitial fluid)

40
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Pressure caused by the difference in protein concentration between the plasma and interstitial fluid

(water moves from interstitial fluid into plasma)

41
Q

What is serous effusion?

A

excess water in a body cavity

42
Q

What causes inflammatory oedema

A

Increased vascular permeability causes proteins to leak out, water follows proteins.
fibrinogen polymerizes to form fibrin mesh, antibodies collect

43
Q

What causes venous oedema?

A

due to increased venous pressure (overweight/ excessive standing) or obstruction
blood pools in the veins

44
Q

Causes lymphatic oedema?

A

blockage of lymphatic system from tumour/ parasite

45
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Build up of fluid between the pleura of the lungs

46
Q

Causes of pleural effusion

A

disruption in balance between hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the visceral and partial pleural vessels

47
Q

What is the difference between transduate fluid and exudate fluid?

A 
transudate= fluid pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary 
exudate= fluid that leaks around the cells of the capiliaries caused by inflamation and inc permeability of pleural capillaries to proteins
48
Q

does transduate fluid have a high protein content?

A

No
transudate= low protein content
exudate= high protein content

49
Q

How do you differentiate between transudate and exudate effusions

A

measure pleural fluid protein

50
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

High plasma sodium

51
Q

causes of hypernatremia?

A

water deficit or sodium excess

52
Q

what is hyponatraemia?

A

low plasma sodium

53
Q

causes of hyponatraemia ?

A

sodium loss

excess water

54
Q

effects of hypernatraemia and hyponatraemia?

A

hypernatraemia- cerebral intracellular dehydration

hyponatraemia- cerebral intercellular overhydration

Medicine; Phase 1 (10 decks)

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