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Medicine; Phase 1 > IMMS homeostasis > Flashcards

IMMS homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

Cells communicate through signals sent to one another, what are these signals (ligands)?

A

Ion, hormone, electrical

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3
Q

What is autocrine communication

A

A cell send a signal which then acts upon itself

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4
Q

Paracrine communication?

A

Cell sends signal a short distance to neighbouring cell through local cellular communication (through gaps between cell, not blood)

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5
Q

Endocrine communication?

A

signal sent signal (hormone) through the bloodstream over a long distance

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6
Q

Exocrine communication

A

secretion via a duct to an organ (salivary/sweat).

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7
Q

What is a feedback loop?

A

when a product feeds back to control its own production

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8
Q

What does positive feedback lead to?

A

signal amplification

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9
Q

What does negative feedback lead to?

A

Signal decrease so less product (hormone) is released, so there is a bearing towards equilibrium

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10
Q

define hormone

A

molecule that acts as a chemical messenger

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11
Q

What are the different types of hormones?

A

peptide
amino acid derivatives
steriod

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12
Q

Do peptide hormones produce a quick reaction in the body?

A

yes

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13
Q

what are the properties of peptide hormones?

A

made of amino acids
vary in size
some have carbohydrate side chains
hydrophillic

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14
Q

What are amino acid hormones synthesised from?

A

tyrosine

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15
Q

Do steriod hormones produce a fast response?

A

No

they produce a slow response

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16
Q

What are steriod hormones made from?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

Can steriod hormones dissolve in water and/or lipids?

A

water- no

lipid- yes

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18
Q

What are the modes of secretion?

A

Merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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19
Q

Is the whole cell lost with apocrine and merocrine secretion?

A

No

the whole cell is lost with holocrine secretion

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20
Q

What is the difference between apocrine and merocrine secretion?

A

merocrine- no part of cell is lost with secretion (salivary gland)
Apocrine- the top of the cell is lost with secretion

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21
Q

Based on 70kg male, total water volume 42 L, (60% of body weight)
What is ICF and ECF volume?

A 
ICF= 28L 
ECF= 14L
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22
Q

From the ECF volume (14L) what is the volume of interstitial fluid and plasma?

A

interstitial fluid= 11L

plasma= 3L

23
Q

define osmosis

A

the net diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential

24
Q

define osmolality

A

1 KG
Total solute concentration of a solution
number of solute particles per 1kg of solvent
higher osmolarity= lower water potential

25
define osmolarity
1 L total solute concentration of a solution number of solute particles per 1L of solvent (higher osmolarity= lower water potential)
26
osmotic pressure
the pressure that must be applied to a solution on one side of a membrane to prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane from a compartment of pure water
27
What is the difference between interstitial fluid and plasma?
interstitial fluid surrounds the cells, but does not circulate plasma circulates as the fluid compartment of blood
28
What is the estimated plasma osmolality?
2(Na) + 2(K) + urea + glucose mmol/L
29
Are intra and extra cellular osmolality equal?
Yes
30
What does a change in plasma osmolality do?
pulls or pushes water across cell membranes
31
under normal circumstances, does fluid intake= fluid loss?
yes
32
Why don't we give water intravenously?
water is hypotonic vs cells | so water enters blood cells, causing haemolysis (expand and burst)
33
What 3 things happen after dehydration?
ECF osmolality increases 1) release ADH from posterior pituitary renal water retention restores ECF osmolality 2) ECF osmolality inc stimulation of thirst centre in hypothalamus inc water intake restores ECF osmolality 3) movement of water from ICF to ECF
34
What can cause water depletion?
reduced intake vomiting/ diarrhoea sweating
35
What happens after water excess?
decrease in ECF osmolality - movement of water into ICF - inhibition of ADH from posterior pituitary - inc urine volume
36
What are the consequences of water excess?
hyponatraemia- low levels of sodium cerebral overhydration ( headache/ confusion)
37
What are the consequences of volume overload?
- ECF volume expansion (organ failure) - loss of intravascular fluid into interstitial space - Oedema
38
What is an oedema?
- excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial space
39
Hydrostatic pressure
pressure difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid (high HP causes water moves from plasma into interstitial fluid)
40
Oncotic pressure
Pressure caused by the difference in protein concentration between the plasma and interstitial fluid (water moves from interstitial fluid into plasma)
41
What is serous effusion?
excess water in a body cavity
42
What causes inflammatory oedema
Increased vascular permeability causes proteins to leak out, water follows proteins. fibrinogen polymerizes to form fibrin mesh, antibodies collect
43
What causes venous oedema?
due to increased venous pressure (overweight/ excessive standing) or obstruction blood pools in the veins
44
Causes lymphatic oedema?
blockage of lymphatic system from tumour/ parasite
45
What is a pleural effusion?
Build up of fluid between the pleura of the lungs
46
Causes of pleural effusion
disruption in balance between hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the visceral and partial pleural vessels
47
What is the difference between transduate fluid and exudate fluid?
``` transudate= fluid pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary exudate= fluid that leaks around the cells of the capiliaries caused by inflamation and inc permeability of pleural capillaries to proteins ```
48
does transduate fluid have a high protein content?
No transudate= low protein content exudate= high protein content
49
How do you differentiate between transudate and exudate effusions
measure pleural fluid protein
50
What is hypernatremia?
High plasma sodium
51
causes of hypernatremia?
water deficit or sodium excess
52
what is hyponatraemia?
low plasma sodium
53
causes of hyponatraemia ?
sodium loss | excess water
54
effects of hypernatraemia and hyponatraemia?
hypernatraemia- cerebral intracellular dehydration hyponatraemia- cerebral intercellular overhydration

Medicine; Phase 1 (10 decks)

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