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Medicine; Phase 1 > IMMS metabolism > Flashcards

IMMS metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism defintion

A

chemical processes that occur in the body to maintain life

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2
Q

equation for BMR

A

1kal/kg body mass/ hr

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3
Q

which factors increase BMR

A

high BMI, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, infection, exercise

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4
Q

which factors decrease BMR

A

older age, females compared to males, starvation, hypothyroidism

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5
Q

what reaction changes ATP to ADP

A

hydrolysis

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6
Q

reaction of ATP to ADP

A

ATP + H2O —> ADP + Pi +H+

+ heat energy

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7
Q

which is a high energy phosphate compound, ATP or ADP

A

ATP= high energy phosphate compound

ADP= low energy phosphate compound

(ATP can donate phosphate to low energy phosphate compounds, forming ADP

ADP can accept phosphate group from very high energy phosphate compounds, forming ATP)

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8
Q

name 2 places in body ATP is used as energy

A 
muscle contraction 
Active transport (Na+/ K+ ATPase)
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9
Q

what is the ATP- ADP cycle

A

–> ATP –> energy utilised (metabolic processes) –> ADP +Pi –> energy produced by metabolic processes (respiration) —

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10
Q

where is glucose oxidised?

A

cytosol of the cell

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11
Q

what is glycolysis regulated by

A

ATP and AMP

Insulin and glucagon

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12
Q

is glycolysis aerobic and/or anaerobic

A

Both

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13
Q

what can limit the rate of glycolysis

A

enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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14
Q

what enzyme catalyses glucose to glucose- 6- phosphate

A

hexokinase

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15
Q

what enzyme catalyses fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-phosphate

A

phosphofructokinase-1

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16
Q

how many ATP molecules are used in the first stage of glycolysis

A

2

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17
Q

what inhibit and activates phosphofructokinase-1

allosteric

A

inhibits- high conc of ATP

activates- high conc of AMP

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18
Q

what does fructose-2,6-biphosphate do

A

allosterically activates PFK-1

inc rate of glycolysis

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19
Q

what increases and reduces the production of fructose-2,6-biphosphate

A

increases- high insulin levels (fed state)

reduces- high glucagon levels (fasting state)

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20
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic metabolic processes

A

Anabolic- synthesise larger molecules from smaller components
Catabolic- break down larger into smaller

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21
Q

what are the 4 pathways dietary components are metabolised through

A

storage, biosynthetic, oxidative, waste disposal

22
Q

what provides energy for anabolism

A

catobolism

23
Q

what are the dietary fuels

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, alchohol

24
Q

where are dietary fuels stored

A

fat- adipose tissue
carbohydrate- glycogen in liver and muscles
protein- muscle

25
Q

what is the primary source of ATP supplied to the body at rest/ low intensity activities

A

oxidative system (aerobic)

26
Q

what does oxidative system (aerobic) use as fuel primarily

A

carbohydrates and fats as substrates

27
Q

define basal metabolic rate

A

a measure of energy required to maintain non-exercise bodily functions
energy needed to stay alive aat rest
1kcal/ kg body mass/ hour

respiration, contraction of the heart muscle, biosynthetic processes, repairing and regenerating tissues, ion gradients across cell membrane

28
Q

why does BMR decrease with age

A

as we get older we tend to gain fat and lose muscle,

muscle cells require more energy to maintain than fat cells

29
Q

what factors can increase BMR

A 
BMI 
hyperthyroidism 
fever
caffeine/ stimulant intake 
exercise
30
Q

what happens to excess energy intake?

A

store as triglycerides in adipose tissue
store as glycogen in liver and muscle
store as protein in muscle

31
Q

what happens after 2-4 days of starvation

A

insulin levels decrease and cortisol levels increase

gluconeogenesis (lactate, amino acids, glycerol)

32
Q

define malnutrition

A

a state of nutrition with a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, causing measurable adverse effects

33
Q

what is a prudent diet

A

5+ fruit and veg
base meals around starchy carbohydrate foods
no more than 5% of energy consumed from free sugars
0.8g/kg/day protein
man 30g women 20g saturated fat

34
Q

describe fatty acids and where are they derived from

A

carboxylic head with aliphatic tail

derived from triglycerides and phospholipids

35
Q

what are the fatty acids turned into when they are activated

A

Acetyl- CoA

36
Q

what happens to acetyl- CoA from utilization of fatty acids

A

TCA cycle to produce glucose

37
Q

how are ketones produced

A

molecules produced by the liver from acetyl- CoA

38
Q

How does ketogenesis happen

A

high rates of fatty acid oxidation which exceeds the capacity of the TCA cycle

39
Q

what is ketoacidosis

A

insulin-dependent diabetics when dose is inadequate or because of increased insulin requirement

insulin deficiency

40
Q

what are the consequences of ketoacidosis

A

ketones are relatively strong acids, lowers the pH of the blood, impairs the ability of haemoglobin to bind oxygen

41
Q

what do coenzymes do

A

transfer electrons in many metabolic pathways in oxidation and reduction reactions

42
Q

1st and 2nd phase of glycolysis how many ATP molecules used/ made
net production?

A

1st- 2 ATP used
2nd- 4 ATP made
Net= 2 ATP produced

43
Q

functions of glycolysis

A

provides ATP
pyruvate substrate for fatty acid synthesis
glycerol-3-P is backbone of triglycerides

44
Q

what happens to pyruvate in aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions?

A

aerobic- krebs cycle

anaerobic conditions- lactate

45
Q

where does glycolysis and the krebs cycle take place?

A

glycolysis- cytosol of cell

krebs cycle- mitrochondria

46
Q

what is pyruvate firstly converted into?

A

acetyl co-A

47
Q

what does acetyl co-A do?

A

condenses oxaloacetate with acetate

48
Q

what is regenerated in the krebs cycle

A

oxaloacetate

49
Q

what enzyme catalyzes pyruvate to acetyl-coA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

50
Q

what are the three enzymes that regulate the krebs cycle

A

citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

51
Q

how does citrate synthase regulate the krebs cycle

A

inc citrate inhibits citrate synthase

ATP and NADH inhibit CS (both products of krebs cycle)

52
Q

name krebs cycle substances
Nmemonic
substances

A

can i keep selling socks for money officer

citrate 
isocitrate 
a- ketoglutarate 
succinyl-CoA
succinate 
fumarate 
malate 
oxoloacetate

Medicine; Phase 1 (10 decks)

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