IMMS metabolism

Question 1

metabolism defintion

Answer 1

chemical processes that occur in the body to maintain life

Question 2

equation for BMR

Answer 2

1kal/kg body mass/ hr

Question 3

which factors increase BMR

Answer 3

high BMI, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, infection, exercise

Question 4

which factors decrease BMR

Answer 4

older age, females compared to males, starvation, hypothyroidism

Question 5

what reaction changes ATP to ADP

Answer 5

hydrolysis

Question 6

reaction of ATP to ADP

Answer 6

ATP + H2O —> ADP + Pi +H+

+ heat energy

Question 7

which is a high energy phosphate compound, ATP or ADP

Answer 7

ATP= high energy phosphate compound

ADP= low energy phosphate compound

(ATP can donate phosphate to low energy phosphate compounds, forming ADP

ADP can accept phosphate group from very high energy phosphate compounds, forming ATP)

Question 8

name 2 places in body ATP is used as energy

Answer 8

muscle contraction 
Active transport (Na+/ K+ ATPase)

Question 9

what is the ATP- ADP cycle

Answer 9

–> ATP –> energy utilised (metabolic processes) –> ADP +Pi –> energy produced by metabolic processes (respiration) —

Question 10

where is glucose oxidised?

Answer 10

cytosol of the cell

Question 11

what is glycolysis regulated by

Answer 11

ATP and AMP

Insulin and glucagon

Question 12

is glycolysis aerobic and/or anaerobic

Answer 12

Both

Question 13

what can limit the rate of glycolysis

Answer 13

enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Question 14

what enzyme catalyses glucose to glucose- 6- phosphate

Answer 14

hexokinase

Question 15

what enzyme catalyses fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-phosphate

Answer 15

phosphofructokinase-1

Question 16

how many ATP molecules are used in the first stage of glycolysis

Answer 16

2

Question 17

what inhibit and activates phosphofructokinase-1

allosteric

Answer 17

inhibits- high conc of ATP

activates- high conc of AMP

Question 18

what does fructose-2,6-biphosphate do

Answer 18

allosterically activates PFK-1

inc rate of glycolysis

Question 19

what increases and reduces the production of fructose-2,6-biphosphate

Answer 19

increases- high insulin levels (fed state)

reduces- high glucagon levels (fasting state)

Question 20

What are anabolic and catabolic metabolic processes

Answer 20

Anabolic- synthesise larger molecules from smaller components
Catabolic- break down larger into smaller

Question 21

what are the 4 pathways dietary components are metabolised through

Answer 21

storage, biosynthetic, oxidative, waste disposal

Question 22

what provides energy for anabolism

Answer 22

catobolism

Question 23

what are the dietary fuels

Answer 23

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, alchohol

Question 24

where are dietary fuels stored

Answer 24

fat- adipose tissue
carbohydrate- glycogen in liver and muscles
protein- muscle

Question 25

what is the primary source of ATP supplied to the body at rest/ low intensity activities

Answer 25

oxidative system (aerobic)

Question 26

what does oxidative system (aerobic) use as fuel primarily

Answer 26

carbohydrates and fats as substrates

Question 27

define basal metabolic rate

Answer 27

a measure of energy required to maintain non-exercise bodily functions energy needed to stay alive aat rest 1kcal/ kg body mass/ hour respiration, contraction of the heart muscle, biosynthetic processes, repairing and regenerating tissues, ion gradients across cell membrane

Question 28

why does BMR decrease with age

Answer 28

as we get older we tend to gain fat and lose muscle, | muscle cells require more energy to maintain than fat cells

Question 29

what factors can increase BMR

Answer 29

``` BMI hyperthyroidism fever caffeine/ stimulant intake exercise ```

Question 30

what happens to excess energy intake?

Answer 30

store as triglycerides in adipose tissue store as glycogen in liver and muscle store as protein in muscle

Question 31

what happens after 2-4 days of starvation

Answer 31

insulin levels decrease and cortisol levels increase | gluconeogenesis (lactate, amino acids, glycerol)

Question 32

define malnutrition

Answer 32

a state of nutrition with a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, causing measurable adverse effects

Question 33

what is a prudent diet

Answer 33

5+ fruit and veg base meals around starchy carbohydrate foods no more than 5% of energy consumed from free sugars 0.8g/kg/day protein man 30g women 20g saturated fat

Question 34

describe fatty acids and where are they derived from

Answer 34

carboxylic head with aliphatic tail derived from triglycerides and phospholipids

Question 35

what are the fatty acids turned into when they are activated

Answer 35

Acetyl- CoA

Question 36

what happens to acetyl- CoA from utilization of fatty acids

Answer 36

TCA cycle to produce glucose

Question 37

how are ketones produced

Answer 37

molecules produced by the liver from acetyl- CoA

Question 38

How does ketogenesis happen

Answer 38

high rates of fatty acid oxidation which exceeds the capacity of the TCA cycle

Question 39

what is ketoacidosis

Answer 39

insulin-dependent diabetics when dose is inadequate or because of increased insulin requirement insulin deficiency

Question 40

what are the consequences of ketoacidosis

Answer 40

ketones are relatively strong acids, lowers the pH of the blood, impairs the ability of haemoglobin to bind oxygen

Question 41

what do coenzymes do

Answer 41

transfer electrons in many metabolic pathways in oxidation and reduction reactions

Question 42

1st and 2nd phase of glycolysis how many ATP molecules used/ made net production?

Answer 42

1st- 2 ATP used 2nd- 4 ATP made Net= 2 ATP produced

Question 43

functions of glycolysis

Answer 43

provides ATP pyruvate substrate for fatty acid synthesis glycerol-3-P is backbone of triglycerides

Question 44

what happens to pyruvate in aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions?

Answer 44

aerobic- krebs cycle | anaerobic conditions- lactate

Question 45

where does glycolysis and the krebs cycle take place?

Answer 45

glycolysis- cytosol of cell | krebs cycle- mitrochondria

Question 46

what is pyruvate firstly converted into?

Answer 46

acetyl co-A

Question 47

what does acetyl co-A do?

Answer 47

condenses oxaloacetate with acetate

Question 48

what is regenerated in the krebs cycle

Answer 48

oxaloacetate

Question 49

what enzyme catalyzes pyruvate to acetyl-coA

Answer 49

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 50

what are the three enzymes that regulate the krebs cycle

Answer 50

citrate synthase isocitrate dehydrogenase a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 51

how does citrate synthase regulate the krebs cycle

Answer 51

inc citrate inhibits citrate synthase | ATP and NADH inhibit CS (both products of krebs cycle)

Question 52

name krebs cycle substances Nmemonic substances

Answer 52

can i keep selling socks for money officer ``` citrate isocitrate a- ketoglutarate succinyl-CoA succinate fumarate malate oxoloacetate ```