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Medicine; Phase 1 > IMMS (cells + molecular building blocks + DNA/RNA) > Flashcards

IMMS (cells + molecular building blocks + DNA/RNA) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of Golgi apparatus?

A

mediates protein and lipid sorting to a specific site

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2
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Yellow-brown pigment made from the lipid containing residues of lysosomal digestion

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3
Q

define macromolecule

A

Large, biologically important molecules inside cells

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4
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrate

A

CnH2nOn

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5
Q

How many sugar molecules for mono, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

A

Mono- 1
di - 2
oligo - 3-12
poly- 13+

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6
Q

Name of bond between sugar molecules

A

glycosidic

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7
Q

Do monosaccharides generally exist as ring structures

A

Yes

reaction of the aldehyde or ketone group with a hydroxyl group of the same molecule

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8
Q

`Why/where are oligosaccharides found

A

products of digestion of polysaccharides, or part of complex protein/lipids

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9
Q

what are the names of the different glycosidic bonds found between sugars or nucleotides

A

sugars- O- glycosidic bonds

nucleotides- N- glycosidic bond

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10
Q

Fatty acid melting points are HIGHER or LOWER with fewer saturated bonds

A

LOWER

melting point decreases with degree of unsaturation

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11
Q

Name components of triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol

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12
Q

phospholipids components

A
  • hydrophilic phosphate head, hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail

- glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

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13
Q

What are the two types of lipoproteins

A

HDL

LDL

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14
Q

Is HDL or LDL good?

A

HDL

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15
Q

Why is HDL good and LDL bad

A

HDL= good as transports cholesterol to liver to be metabolised

LDL= bad as transports cholesterol to the cells

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16
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate

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17
Q

Which amino acids are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

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18
Q

what bond connects the sugar to the base in a nucleotide

A

N- glycosidic

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19
Q

what is nucleotide triphosphate? (NTP)

A

nucleotide with 3 molecules of phosphate attached.

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20
Q

what bonds the sugar to the phosphate group on a nucleotide ?

A

ester bond

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21
Q

what are the bonds called between triglycerides?

A

ester bonds (covalent)

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22
Q

which bases pair?

A

A-T

C-G

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23
Q

How many H- bonds are between AT and CG

A 
AT= 2 H bonds 
CG= 3 H bonds
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24
Q

what are the functional groups of amino acids

A

COO-
H3N+-C- H
R side chain

amino group(N+H3), carboxyl group(COO-) , R side chain

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25
Q

Which part of the amino acid determines polarity or polarity

A

side chain

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26
Q

How many amino acids are there in total?

A

20

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27
Q

which group on the amino acid are positive or negative?

A

(amino) NH3 +

(carboxyl) COO-

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28
Q

what joins amino acids together

A

peptide bonds via a condensation reaction between carboxyl and amnio groups

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29
Q

What are the primary and secondary structure of proteins

A

primary- linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. dictates 3D conformation.
secondary- local folding; alpha- helix or beta pleated sheets

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30
Q

what cleaves peptide bonds?

A

proteolytic enzymes (proteases)

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31
Q

What are the forces that hold proteins together?

A

Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic forces, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges

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32
Q

weakest force that holds proteins together?

A

Van der Waals

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33
Q

What are Van der Waals and hydrogen bonds?

A

Van der Waals- fluctuating electrical charges cause week interactive charges between molecules

Hydrogen- interaction between negative dipole on O/N/F and positive dipole on H atom (bound to O/N)

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34
Q

hydrophobic charges

A

uncharged/ non-polar side chains are poorly soluble in water.
hydrophobic side chains form tightly packed cores in the interior of proteins, excluding water molecules

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35
Q

ionic bonds

A

between fully or partially charged groups. weakened in aqueous systems by shielding by water molecules and other ions in solution

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36
Q

Disulphide bonds?

A

covalent bonding between side chains of cysteine

residues

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37
Q

how does an A- helix form?

A

H bonds between each carbonyl group and the H attached the N which is 4 aa along the chain.

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38
Q

how does the B sheet form

A

H bonds between linear regions of polypeptide chains

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39
Q

What is supersecondary structure?

A

combination of secondary structures ( A and B)

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40
Q

Tertiary structure?

A

overall 3D conformation of the protein

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41
Q

forces involved in tertiary structure

A

electrostatic, hydrophocicity, H bonds, covalent bonds

42
Q

quarternary structure

A

3D structure of a protein composed of multiple subunits

43
Q

what factors influence the rate of chemical reaction

A

temperature, conc of reactants, catalysts, surface area of a solid reactant, pressure of gaseous reactants or products

44
Q

enzymes= biological catalysts

how do they work?

A

bind reactants and convert to products then release them.

reduce the activation energy of a reaction

45
Q

what are coenzymes

A

non protein, organic structures which maximise the functionality of enzyme functional groups (enzymes need them to function)

46
Q

Which are less specific to the reaction enzymes or coenzymes

A

coenzymes

47
Q

what is a porphyrin ring?

A

holds an iron atom in the core of haemoglobin molecule

iron containing porphyrin= heme

48
Q

how does a higher temperature affect hemoglobin saturation?

A

decreases haemoglobins affinity for oxygen and enhance oxygen unloading from the blood

49
Q

describe prokaryotes DNA

A

no nuclear membrane

DNA arranged in single chromosone

50
Q

describe eukaryotes DNA

A

DNA in nucleus
bound to proteins (chromatin)
some DNA in mitochondria

51
Q

What are the functions of DNA

A

Template and regulator for transcription and protein synthesis

52
Q

what sugar is in DNA and RNA

A

DNA- deoxyribose

RNA ribose

53
Q

what bond links the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carbon atom of another

A

phosphodiester

54
Q

Semi conservative replication of DNA

A

replicated DNA is composed of a new and old strand

55
Q

Which way does DNA polymerase read and which way does it print

A

reads 3 to 5

prints 5 to 3

56
Q

Topoisomerase

A

relieves supercoil, unwinding double helix

57
Q

DNA helicase

A

breaks hydrogen bonds between the two strands, exposing nucleotides

58
Q

DNA polymerase

A

starts at primer and binds nucleotides to old strand of DNA after replication fork

59
Q

What can cause DNA damage

A

chemicals, UV damage, radiation, chance

60
Q

primer

A

short strand of DNA, acts as a starting point for DNA synthesis as DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing strand

61
Q

what keeps the two DNA strands apart during DNA synthesis

A

Single strand binding protein (SSB)

62
Q

Promotor region

A

transcription

where RNA polymerase unwinds DNA double strand to reveal one strand

63
Q

which way does RNA polymerase read and print?

A

read- 3 to 5

print 5 to 3

64
Q

what is the enzyme used in transcription to join nucleotides together along DNA template strand

A

RNA polymerase

65
Q

What 3 process happen to change pre-mRNA into mature mRNA

A
  1. splicing; introns removed, exons joined together
  2. 5’ cap
    methylated guanine is added to 5’ end so ribosomes recognise mRNA and it isn’t degraded
  3. poly(A) tail added to 3’ end to stabalise mRNA.
66
Q

what does the genetic code being degenerative mean?

A

many amino acids are coded for by more than one codon

67
Q

universal genetic code

A

all organisms use the same code

68
Q

non-overlapping genetic code

A

codons do not overlap

69
Q

what initiates transcription

A

transcription factors bind to 5’ of the 1st exon (promotor region)

70
Q

what happens in transcription after transcription factors bind and transcription complex forms?

A

helix opens, dna strand seperation

RNA polymerase starts building mRNA.

71
Q

what factors can turn off gene expression? (stop transcription)

A
  • activation of repressors (inhibitors of RNA polymerase)

- RNA stability decreases

72
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

heterochromatin- genes are silent as DNA inaccessible to transcription factors, due to dense genetic material and methylated DNA

73
Q

euchromatin

A

unmethylated DNA so hyperaccessible chromatin (genes activable)

74
Q

what is a primer and a promotor region

A

primer- piece of DNA used to start DNA synthesis

Promotor region- region of DNA (1st Exon) used for mRNA transcription

75
Q

where does translation occur

A

80s ribosome

76
Q

does a tRNA molecule have an anticodon complimentary to codon on mRNA

A

yes

77
Q

what stops translation

A

stop codon on mRNA

78
Q

missense mutation

A

DNA nucelotide is switched out for another, causing a different amino acid to be coded for

79
Q

nonsense mutation

A

stop codon coded for prematurely

80
Q

silet mutation

A

change in sequence of DNA nucleotides without a resulting change in the corresponding amino acids that is coded for

81
Q

Where is DNA found within the cell

A

nucleus

mitrochondria

82
Q

what is DNA wrapped around

A

histones

83
Q

what is a nucleosome

A

coil of DNA

coil after coiled around histones

84
Q

how many human chromosomes are there

A

46 chromosomes

22 pairs and sex XY

85
Q

structure of a chromosome

A

q (long arm)
p (short arm)
connected by centromere

86
Q

purpose of mitosis

A

two daughter cells that are genetically identical to parent cell
growth and repair

87
Q

what happens in
G1
S
G2 phases?

A 
G1= cellular contents replicated 
S= chromosomes and centrosomes replicated 
G2= checking duplicated genetic material

(then mitosis and cytokinesis happen)

88
Q

order of mitosis

A 
Prophase 
prometaphase 
metaphase 
anaphase 
telophase
89
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes

90
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down

chromatids attach to microtubules

91
Q

metaphase

A

chromsomes line up along equatorial plane

92
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and are pushed to opposite poles of the cell

93
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membranes reform chromosomes reform into chromatin

94
Q

what are the differences between meiosis to mitosis

A

only in gametes
creates genetic diversity
4 haploid daughter cells
2 cell divisions

95
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase I

96
Q

non disjunction abnormality

A

failure of chromosome pairs to separate in meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate properly in meiosis II

97
Q

numerical abnormality

A

chromosomal defect, different number of chromosomes

98
Q

structural chromosomal abnormality

A

when parts of individual chromosome are missing, duplicated or transfered to another chromsome, or tuned upside down (insertion or translocation)

99
Q

what is gonadal mosaicism

A

more than one set of genetic information is present (specifically within gamete cells)

100
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase I

101
Q

what is an example of super secondary structure

A

Zinc finger

Medicine; Phase 1 (10 decks)

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