Respiratory anatomy

Question 1

Describe what bounds the Superior thoracic aperture

Answer 1

Bounded by T1 posteriorly,

First pair of ribs laterally,

Costal cartilage of first rib and superior border of the manubrium anteriorly

Question 2

Describe what bounds the Inferior thoracic aperture

Answer 2

12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly

11th and 12th pair of ribs laterally

costal cartilage of ribs 7 through 10 and xiphisternal joint anteriorly

Question 3

Describe the first rib

Answer 3

broad and flat
head has single articular facet and articulates with the thoracic vertebrae

two shallow grooves separated by the scalene tubercle. Is attachment of anterior scalene muscle

Anterior groove lodges subclavian vein whislt posterior groove lodges subclavian artery and brachial plexus

Question 4

Describe the diaphragm attachments

Answer 4

It has three peripheral attachments:
Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12. Xiphoid process of the sternum.

It has one central attachment: Central tendon

Right and left crura arise from vertebrae.
RC: L1-L3 - surround esophageal opening to prevent gastric reflux

LC: L1-L2 and their inter vertebral discs

Question 5

Describe the hiatus opening

Answer 5

T8 - caval opening passes through central tendon to transmit the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve

T10 - oesophageal hiatus passes through right cruz to transmit the oesophagus and vagus nerve

T12 - aortic hiatus is between right and left cruz and transmit the aorta, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein and thoracic duct

Question 6

Describe the phrenic nerve

Answer 6

Nerve roots: C3, C4 and C5. It is both motor and sensory

Motor functions: Innervates the diaphragm from inferior surface

Sensory functions: supplies central part of diaphragm

Question 7

Describe the larynx

Answer 7

Found in the anterior neck between C3-C6
Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
Innervation: Branches of vagus n.:

Question 8

Describe the eparterial bronchus

Answer 8

R. Lung has additional bronchus in hilum called eparterial bronchus (above the artery). (The right main bronchus is also referred to as the hyparterial bronchus)

Question 9

Describe nerve supply to pleura

Answer 9

Parietal pleura: somatic nerves and painsensitive

Visceral pleura: autonomic nerves (T2 to T5) and pain insensitive

Question 10

Describe surface anatomy of the lung

Answer 10

Horizontal fissure (of right lung): Follows line of 4th rib anteriorly.
Oblique fissure (of both lungs): Begins at spine of T3 and follows the line of the 6th rib anteriorly.

Inferior margin of lung:
Midclavicular line - Rib 6
Midaxillary line - Rib 8
Midscapular line - Rib 10

Inferior margin of the parietal pleura:

IC space difference - Rib 8
Midaxillary line - Rib 10
Midscapular line - Rib 12

Question 11

Describe hilum

Answer 11

Lung hilum is an area located on medial/mediastinal surface of lung.

Lung root is the group of structures (bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves) that the enter or leave the lung hilum.

R. Lung has additional bronchus in hilum called eparterial bronchus (above the artery). (The right main bronchus is also referred to as the hyparterial bronchus)

1-bronchi
2-pulmonary artery
3-superior pulmonar vein
4- inferior pulmonary vein

Question 12

Describe costotransverse joint

Answer 12

A synovial plane joint

Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process of thoracic vertebra

Question 13

At which vertebral level is xiphoid process located?

Answer 13

T10

Question 14

At which vertebral level is sternomanubrial joint located?

Answer 14

T3/T4