Respiratory

Question 1

digital clubbing

Answer 1

sign of hypoxia - proliferation of connective tissue between nail matrix and all the distal phalanx

Question 2

cyanosis

Answer 2

desaturated Hb or Hb O2 saturation (hypoxemia)

Question 3

atelectasis

Answer 3

loss of lung volume, caused by collapse of expanded lung tissue - usually absence o f breath sounds in affected lung field

Question 4

obvious cartilage (cells)

Answer 4

pseudostratified columnar + goblet cells

Question 5

partial cartilage (cells)

Answer 5

more columnar less pseudostratified cells than obvious cartilage

Question 6

bronchiole (cells)

Answer 6

cuboidal epithelium + clara cells; goblet cells, no cartilage just smooth muscle

Question 7

bronchi

Answer 7

partial cartilage

Question 8

trachea

Answer 8

obvious cartilage

Question 9

trachea

Answer 9

obvious cartilage

Question 10

compression

Answer 10

collapse of lung tissue caused by direct physical compression

Question 11

contraction

Answer 11

fibrotic retraction of lung

Question 12

cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema

Answer 12

mitral stenosis or insufficiency OR left ventricular failure

Question 13

non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema

Answer 13

decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic blockage, OR volume overload (kidney failure; drugs/toxins; infections; ARDS; iatrogenic)

Question 14

non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema

Answer 14

decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic blockage, OR volume overload (kidney failure; drugs/toxins; infections; ARDS; iatrogenic)

Question 15

secondary lung cancer

Answer 15

cancer metastasized to the lung

primarily from bladder, breast, colon, kidney, neuroblastoma, prostate, and soft tissue sarcoma

Question 16

histological characteristic of secondary lung cancer

Answer 16

“popcorn” metastatic nests/lesions

Question 17

pancoast tumor

Answer 17

cancer of the lung apex - cause compression of brachial plexus, cervical sympathetic plexus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and superior vena cava.

Question 18

compression of superior vena cava

Answer 18

swelling of face, head and neck veins

Question 19

compression of recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 19

hoarseness of the voice

Question 20

compression of cervical sympathetic plexus

Answer 20

horner syndrome

Question 21

horner syndrome

Answer 21

miosis, anhidrosis, enopthalmos, ptosis

Question 22

small cell lung cancer

Answer 22

“oat cell” -highly malignant, anaplastic, small, dark blue cells, with scarce cytoplasm

non-differentiated, high affinity to blue stain

paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 23

paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 23

cancer cells secrete hormones of adrenal gland symptoms associated with hormones
-ectopic ACTH, inappropriate ADH-

Question 24

paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 24

cancer cells secrete hormones of adrenal gland symptoms associated with hormones
-ectopic ACTH, inappropriate ADH-

Question 25

treatment of lung cancer

Answer 25

non-small cell = surgery

small cell = chemotherapy

Question 26

sarcoidosis

Answer 26

chronic systemic granulomatous disease

Question 27

lung sarcoidosis

Answer 27

restrictive lung disease - bilateral lymphadenopathy on chest x-ray

Question 28

pneumoconiosis

Answer 28

group of lung disease caused by inhalation of dust particles

Question 29

pneumoconiosis

Answer 29

group of lung disease caused by inhalation of dust particles

Question 30

anthracosis

Answer 30

pneumoconiosis of coal dust

Question 31

silicosis

Answer 31

pneumoconiosis of silica dust

Question 32

asbestosis

Answer 32

pneumoconiosis of asbestos dust

Question 33

what factors cause worse pneumoconiosis progression/outcome?

Answer 33

fibrogenic ability of inhaled dust, amount, duration, smaller particles