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pathology/histology > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

responsible for insulin, glucagon

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2
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

responsible for digestive enzymes

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3
Q

islets of langerhans

A

cluster of cells around capillaries - scattered throughout exocrine pancrease

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4
Q

beta cells

A

produce insulin

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5
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

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6
Q

delta cells

A

contain somatostatin

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7
Q

somatostatin

A

suppress both insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

PP cells

A

contain polypeptide

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9
Q

polypeptide

A

stimulates secretion of gastric and intestinal enzymes

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10
Q

glucagon

A

induces hyperglycemia by its glycogenolytic activity in liver

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11
Q

fasting glucose concentration diagnosis

A

126 mg/dl

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12
Q

HbA1c diagnosis

A

greater than 6.5 on 2 seperate occasions

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13
Q

random blood glucose concentration diagnosis

A

200 mg/dl

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14
Q

amyloid in diabetes

A

aggregates of protein found in type 2 diabetes in place of beta cells

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15
Q

pathogenesis of insulin resistance

A

circulating lipotoxic fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines

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16
Q

leptin

A

adipokine made by adipose to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger

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17
Q

advanced glycation end products

A

hemoglobin (glycated HbA1c), glycated LDLs, glycated proteins, glycation of basement membrane proteins (thickened but leaky)

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18
Q

non-proliferative phase diabetic retinopathy

A

exudates, hemorrhages, microaneurysms

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19
Q

proliferative phase diabetic retinopathy

A

vascular proliferation, vitreous hemorhages, retinal detachment

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20
Q

acute pancreatitis causes

A

“GET SMASHED” gallstones, ethanol, trauma, steroids, mumps, autoimmune disease, scorpion sting, hyperlipidemia, drugs

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21
Q

lab results of acute pancreatits

A

elevated amylase and lipase

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22
Q

acute pancreatitis pathology

A

acinar cell injury > inappropriate release and activation of pancreatic enzymes > tissue damage, edema, and acute inflammation

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23
Q

fat necrosis

A

yellow-white fat necrosis and calcium deposits (saponification) - found in acute pancreatitis

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24
Q

pseudocysts

A

complication of acute pancreatitis, compressed tissue encapsulated by non-epithelial tissue

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25
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

longstanding pancreatic destruction leads to loss of pancreatic parenchyma and replacement with fibrous tissue

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26
Q

pancreatic insufficiency

A

in chronic pancreatitis, involves malabsorption, steatorrhea, and diabetes

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27
Q

pancreatic cancer of the head

A

obstruction to bile flow -> jaundice

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28
Q

pancreatic carcinoma of the body and tail

A

silent

29
Q

highly invasive pancreatic carcinoma

A

rapidly spreads to stomach, duodenum, abdominal aorta, inf. vena cava

30
Q

PanIN

A

pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia - precursor lesion - leads to invasive carcinoma

31
Q

anterior pituitary lobe

A

epithelial secretory cells - consists of adenohypophysis

32
Q

posterior pituitary lobe

A

neural tissues - consists mostly of neurohypophysis

33
Q

chromophils

A

color loving - granules in the cytoplasm that stain

34
Q

acidophils

A

cytoplasm stains pink

35
Q

basophils

A

cytoplasm stains blue

36
Q

chromophobes

A

colorless cytoplasms

37
Q

somatotropes

A

most common acidophil - secrete growth hormone somatotropin

38
Q

lactotropes

A

acidophil that secretes prolactin

39
Q

corticotropes

A

(basophil) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

40
Q

thyrotropes

A

(basophil) secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

41
Q

gonadotropes

A

(basophil) secrete follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH

42
Q

neurohypophysis

A

produce oxytocin and vasopressin

43
Q

pituicytes

A

supporting cells of neurohypophysis

44
Q

herring bodies

A

accumulation of hormone/carrier protein complex

amorphous pink body

45
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

excessive secretion of pituitary hormones

46
Q

cushing disease

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone producing adenoma

47
Q

gigantism

A

excessive action of GH BEFORE the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates in childhood

48
Q

acromegally

A

increased GH in ADULTHOOD

49
Q

mass effect

A

Main complication of pituitary adenoma–

hypothalamus interference, intracranial pressure, cavernous sinus compression, optic chiasm compression

50
Q

hyperpituitarism morphology

A

monomorphic cells and lack a reticulin network characteristic

51
Q

hypopituitarism

A

deficient secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones

52
Q

sheehan syndrome

A

postpartum pituitary necrosis

53
Q

central diabetes insipidus

A

deficiency of ADH synthesis in the posterior pituitary lobe - hypernatremia

54
Q

thyroglobulin synthesis

A

follicular cells

55
Q

thyroglobulin storage

A

in lumen as part of the colloid

56
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

heat intolerance, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, etc.

57
Q

thyroid storm

A

acute elevation of catecholamine levels which causes life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

58
Q

graves disease

A

autoantibodies against TSH receptor - stimulation of the thyroid gland

59
Q

hyperthyroidism morphology

A

diffusely hyperplastic, “scalloped” appearance of the edges of colloid

60
Q

hypothyroidism

A

fatigue, cold intolerance, facial edema, constipation, apathy, bruising

61
Q

myxedema

A

accumulation of water-binding proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (hypothyroidism)

62
Q

pericardial effusion

A

heart is dilated, cardiac output is reduced, caused by hypothyroidism/myxedema

63
Q

goiter

A

thyroid enlargement

64
Q

nontoxic goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid without functional, neoplastic or inflammatory changes - usually iodine deficiency

65
Q

nodular goiter

A

colloid cysts, …

66
Q

diffuse goiter

A

symmetrically enlarged hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the follicular cells - scalloped colloid, form papillae

67
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis

A

autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis with helper t cell activation, and destruction of thyroid gland

68
Q

hashimoto morphology

A

…

pathology/histology (14 decks)

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