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endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

responsible for insulin, glucagon

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2
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

responsible for digestive enzymes

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3
Q

islets of langerhans

A

cluster of cells around capillaries - scattered throughout exocrine pancrease

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4
Q

beta cells

A

produce insulin

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5
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

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6
Q

delta cells

A

contain somatostatin

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7
Q

somatostatin

A

suppress both insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

PP cells

A

contain polypeptide

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9
Q

polypeptide

A

stimulates secretion of gastric and intestinal enzymes

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10
Q

glucagon

A

induces hyperglycemia by its glycogenolytic activity in liver

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11
Q

fasting glucose concentration diagnosis

A

126 mg/dl

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12
Q

HbA1c diagnosis

A

greater than 6.5 on 2 seperate occasions

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13
Q

random blood glucose concentration diagnosis

A

200 mg/dl

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14
Q

amyloid in diabetes

A

aggregates of protein found in type 2 diabetes in place of beta cells

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15
Q

pathogenesis of insulin resistance

A

circulating lipotoxic fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines

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16
Q

leptin

A

adipokine made by adipose to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger

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17
Q

advanced glycation end products

A

hemoglobin (glycated HbA1c), glycated LDLs, glycated proteins, glycation of basement membrane proteins (thickened but leaky)

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18
Q

non-proliferative phase diabetic retinopathy

A

exudates, hemorrhages, microaneurysms

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19
Q

proliferative phase diabetic retinopathy

A

vascular proliferation, vitreous hemorhages, retinal detachment

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20
Q

acute pancreatitis causes

A

“GET SMASHED” gallstones, ethanol, trauma, steroids, mumps, autoimmune disease, scorpion sting, hyperlipidemia, drugs

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21
Q

lab results of acute pancreatits

A

elevated amylase and lipase

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22
Q

acute pancreatitis pathology

A

acinar cell injury > inappropriate release and activation of pancreatic enzymes > tissue damage, edema, and acute inflammation

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23
Q

fat necrosis

A

yellow-white fat necrosis and calcium deposits (saponification) - found in acute pancreatitis

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24
Q

pseudocysts

A

complication of acute pancreatitis, compressed tissue encapsulated by non-epithelial tissue

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25
chronic pancreatitis
longstanding pancreatic destruction leads to loss of pancreatic parenchyma and replacement with fibrous tissue
26
pancreatic insufficiency
in chronic pancreatitis, involves malabsorption, steatorrhea, and diabetes
27
pancreatic cancer of the head
obstruction to bile flow -> jaundice
28
pancreatic carcinoma of the body and tail
silent
29
highly invasive pancreatic carcinoma
rapidly spreads to stomach, duodenum, abdominal aorta, inf. vena cava
30
PanIN
pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia - precursor lesion - leads to invasive carcinoma
31
anterior pituitary lobe
epithelial secretory cells - consists of adenohypophysis
32
posterior pituitary lobe
neural tissues - consists mostly of neurohypophysis
33
chromophils
color loving - granules in the cytoplasm that stain
34
acidophils
cytoplasm stains pink
35
basophils
cytoplasm stains blue
36
chromophobes
colorless cytoplasms
37
somatotropes
most common acidophil - secrete growth hormone somatotropin
38
lactotropes
acidophil that secretes prolactin
39
corticotropes
(basophil) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
40
thyrotropes
(basophil) secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
41
gonadotropes
(basophil) secrete follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH
42
neurohypophysis
produce oxytocin and vasopressin
43
pituicytes
supporting cells of neurohypophysis
44
herring bodies
accumulation of hormone/carrier protein complex | amorphous pink body
45
hyperpituitarism
excessive secretion of pituitary hormones
46
cushing disease
adrenocorticotropic hormone producing adenoma
47
gigantism
excessive action of GH BEFORE the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates in childhood
48
acromegally
increased GH in ADULTHOOD
49
mass effect
Main complication of pituitary adenoma-- | hypothalamus interference, intracranial pressure, cavernous sinus compression, optic chiasm compression
50
hyperpituitarism morphology
monomorphic cells and lack a reticulin network characteristic
51
hypopituitarism
deficient secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones
52
sheehan syndrome
postpartum pituitary necrosis
53
central diabetes insipidus
deficiency of ADH synthesis in the posterior pituitary lobe - hypernatremia
54
thyroglobulin synthesis
follicular cells
55
thyroglobulin storage
in lumen as part of the colloid
56
hyperthyroidism
heat intolerance, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, etc.
57
thyroid storm
acute elevation of catecholamine levels which causes life threatening cardiac arrhythmias
58
graves disease
autoantibodies against TSH receptor - stimulation of the thyroid gland
59
hyperthyroidism morphology
diffusely hyperplastic, "scalloped" appearance of the edges of colloid
60
hypothyroidism
fatigue, cold intolerance, facial edema, constipation, apathy, bruising
61
myxedema
accumulation of water-binding proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (hypothyroidism)
62
pericardial effusion
heart is dilated, cardiac output is reduced, caused by hypothyroidism/myxedema
63
goiter
thyroid enlargement
64
nontoxic goiter
enlargement of thyroid without functional, neoplastic or inflammatory changes - usually iodine deficiency
65
nodular goiter
colloid cysts, ...
66
diffuse goiter
symmetrically enlarged hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the follicular cells - scalloped colloid, form papillae
67
hashimoto thyroiditis
autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis with helper t cell activation, and destruction of thyroid gland
68
hashimoto morphology
...

pathology/histology (14 decks)

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