Cardiovascular

Question 1

tunica intima histology

Answer 1

simple squamous epithelium cells

Question 2

tunica media histology

Answer 2

smooth muscle cells

Question 3

tunica adventitia histology

Answer 3

connective tissue

Question 4

vasa vasorectum

Answer 4

provide the walls of the adventitia and the outer part of the media with nutrients

Question 5

arteriosclerosis

Answer 5

chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall initiated by some form of injury to the endothelium - characterized by atheromas

Question 6

thrombosis

Answer 6

obstruct vascular lumina

Question 7

hyperlipidemia

Answer 7

increased LDL, decreased HDL

Question 8

HDL

Answer 8

mobilizes cholesterol from vascular plaques and transports it to the liver for biliary excretion

Question 9

LDL

Answer 9

distributes cholesterol to peripheral tissues

Question 10

fatty streaks

Answer 10

composed of lipid filled foamy macrophages, found in atherosclerosis, occurs at branch points and curvatures

Question 11

atheroma

Answer 11

atherosclerotic plaque - intimal thickening, lipid accumulation, and fibrous cap

Question 12

atherosclerosis morphology

Answer 12

inflammatory cells, calcification, angiogenesis

Question 13

endothelial activation

Answer 13

a state in which endothelial cells have adhesive, procoagulant surfaces, and release factors that lead to smooth muscle contractions and proliferation, and matriz synthesis

Question 14

intimal thickening

Answer 14

a stereotypical response to vascular injury

Question 15

essential hypertension

Answer 15

“ideopathic” high blood pressure with no specific cause - most common case of hypertension

Question 16

secondary hypertension causes

Answer 16

kidney disease or adrenal disorders

Question 17

hypertension pathogenesis

Answer 17

increased cardiac output and/or increased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 18

Ischemic heart disease

Answer 18

imbalance between cardiac blood supply and myocardial oxygen and nutritional requirements

Question 19

Angina pectoris

Answer 19

increased myocardial demand for blood flow and decreased myocardial perfusion

Question 20

stable angina

Answer 20

due to increased demand for oxygen

relieved by rest and relieved by nitroglycerin

Question 21

unstable angina

Answer 21

due to change in the plaque

occurs at rest and has prolonged duration

Question 22

myocardial infarction

Answer 22

necrosis of heart muscle resulting from ischemia

Question 23

acute coronary syndrome

Answer 23

acute plaque change followed by thrombosis: unstable angina, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death

Question 24

Subendocardial myocardial infarction

Answer 24

early on, only tissue under endocardium is damaged, inner 1/3 wall, less severe

Question 25

transmural myocardial infarction

Answer 25

progressed from subendocardial, more severe

Question 26

Time of onset of ATP depletion

Answer 26

seconds

Question 27

time of loss of heart contractility

Answer 27

less than 2 minutes

Question 28

irreversible cell injury

Answer 28

20-40 minutes

Question 29

time of coagulation necrosis

Answer 29

4-12 hours

Question 30

time of coagulation necrosis

Answer 30

4-12 hours

Question 31

time of neutrophilic infiltrate

Answer 31

12-24 hours

Question 32

time of phagocytosis of dead cells

Answer 32

3-7 days

Question 33

time of granulation tissue at margins

Answer 33

7-10 days

Question 34

time of dense collagenous scar

Answer 34

after 2 months

Question 35

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Answer 35

(1) Chronic endothelial injury, (2) endothelial cell dysfunction, (3) smooth muscle cell migration and macrophage activation; (4) macrophage and smooth cell engulf lipid, (5) smooth muscle cell proliferation, ECM and lipid deposition

Question 36

benign hypertension morphology

Answer 36

hypertension > hemodynamic changes > endothelial injury > extravasation of plasma protein > HYALINE deposition

Question 37

malignant hypertension morphology

Answer 37

continued endothelial injury > platelet deposition and activation > release of platelet derived growth factors > intimal hyperplasia > hyperplastic arteriosclerosis