Respiratory Flashcards
Common Cold/Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Diagnosis: Based on patient symptoms, nasal discharge/sputum cultures, blood count
Treatment: Antibiotics, no cure, reset and drink plenty of fluids, vaporizer, OTC medications(decongestants, cough suppressants, analgesics)
Sinusitis
Diagnosis: Physical exam, sinus radiography, CT scans, endoscopic sinuscopy, nasal secretion culture
Treatment: Saline nasal spray, corticosteroid nasal spray, antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, antihistamines, decongestants, sinustomy, analgesics
Pharyngitis(Sore throat)
Diagnosis: Physical exam, located primary source of infection, sinus radiography, blood count
Treatment: Viral(home treatment using lozenges, mouthwashes, salt water, ice collar, anti-inflammatory medications), Acute Bacterial(Antibiotics), surgical excision, bed rest and fluids
Nasopharygeal Carcinoma
Diagnosis: Full clinical examination of head and neck, endoscopic examinations of nasopharynx, biopsy of lesions, staging according to tnm, MRI, bone scan, CT, PET, scan
Treatment: Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, follow up
Laryngitis
Diagnosis: Laryngoscopic examination for inflammation, further tests
Treatment: Palliative measures(voice rest, bed rest, humidity, fluid intake, no tobacco or alcohol, lozenges, antibiotics, corticosteroids, eliminate causative factors(chronic)
Deviated Septum
Diagnosis: Examination with nasal speculum
Treatment: Surgical straightening, none is needed if it doesn’t compress air passages
Nasal Polyps
Diagnosis: Visual exam using nasal speculum
Treatment: Surgery with local anesthetic, steroids
Anosmia
Diagnosis: Physical exam, neurological diagnostic tests
Treatment: Aimed at cause of condition, injections of allergens for allergic rhinitus patients, nerve damage is not treatable
Epistaxis(Nosebleed)
Diagnosis: Patient history, injury, or systemic disease
Treatment: Constant pressure on nose bridge for mild nosebleed, persistent(Epinephrine, cauterization, posterior nasal packing), mild sclerosis agents, surgical ligation
Laryngeal Tumors
Diagnosis: Physical exam, biopsy
Treatment: Benign(Correction of vocal strain, reflux management, smoking cessation, excision with local anesthetic), Malignant(Radiation), Metastasis(Laryngectomy, Speech therapy)
Laryngeal Cancer
Diagnosis: Flexible fiber optic endoscopy, biopsy, staging via TNM, CT, PET, MRI, Panendoscopy
Treatment: Radiation, surgery(partial/total laryngectomy, scopic laser resection), surgery, chemoradiotherapy, speech and swallowing therapy
Hemoptysis
Diagnosis: Visual exam radiography to determine source of bleeding, coagulation studies, PPD skin test(for tuberculosis), lung scan, CT scan, pulmonary angiogram
Treatment: Treat source of bleeding, ligation/surgical removal or repair of vessel(severe), antibiotics and cough suppressant therapy(minor)
Atelectasis
Diagnosis: Radiography, physical exam, CT scans, auscultation, bronchoscopy
Treatment: Ambulate soon as possible after surgery, breathe deeply and cough periodically, suction airway., antiobiotics, analgesics, surgical drainage
Pulmonary Embolism
Diagnosis: Lung scan, CT angiography, pulmonary angiography, auscultation, arterial blood gas levels(reduced partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide), residual thrombin in lower veins
Treatment: Maintain cardio pulmonary integrity, adequate ventilation and perfusion, oxygen therapy, anticoagulants(heparin, warfarin), thrombolytic drugs
Pneumonia
Diagnosis: Physical exam, patient history, chest radiography, arterial blood gas tests, bronchoscopy, sputum and blood cultures
Treatment: Antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, analgesics, oxygen therapy, bed rest, fluids, high calorie diet
Pulmonary Abscesses
Diagnosis: Chest auscultation(decreased chest sounds), patient history(recent aspiration), radiography, blood an sputum cultures
Treatment: Antibiotics, surgical resection of abscess and portion of affected lung
Legionellosis(Legionnaire’s Disease/Pontiac Fever)
Diagnosis: Physical exam, radiography, blood tests(elevated WBC, liver enzymes, erythrocytes, sedimentation rate), sputum and urine culture
Treatment: Antibiotic therapy started early, oxygen, antipyretics, antiemetics, analgesics
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia
Diagnosis: Physical exam, lavage of nasopharynx, examination of secretions for ESV, RSV produces giant syncytial cells in cultures
Treatment: Upper Respiratory(Self-limiting, antipyretics, antibiotics for otitis media), Lower Respiratory(Inhalation and oxygen therapy, hydration)
Histoplasmosis
Diagnosis: Positive skin test result, blood serology (for specific bacteria), identification of fungus in pus, sputum and tissue, radiography
Treatment: Anti-fungal therapy, antifungal drugs, corticosteroids(severe)
Influenza
Diagnosis: Throat culture(to isolate virus), sputum culture(for secondary and bacterial infections), leukopenia with relative leukocytosis
Treatment: Symptomatic, bed rest, fluids, light diet, antipyretics, analgesics, antiviral agents within 48 hours, Less Severe(Warm salt water, steam inhalation, cough syrups), antibiotics
Bronchitis
Diagnosis: History, symptoms, radiography, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gases, blood and sputum analysis
Treatment: Acute(Symptomatic, increased fluid, humidifier, bronchodilators, antibiotic), Chronic(Low flow oxygen therapy, postural drainage, percussion, aerosolized corticosteroids, giving up smoking, avoid colds
Bronchiectasis
Diagnosis: Physical exam, history, radiography, CT, bronchoscopy, sputum culture, pulmonary function tests
Treatment: Antibiotics, bronchodilators, postural drainage, avoid environmental irritants, surgery
Asthma
Treatment: Pharmacologic therapy with anti inflammatory drugs and bronchodilators, quick relief medications, long term medications, patient education
Pulmonary Emphysema
Diagnosis: Clinical exam, patient history, pulmonary function tests(increased tidal volume and residual volume, decreased vital capacity, expert torimaneuver volumes), radiography(translucent appearing lungs,depressed or flattened diagram), blood gas(Decreased arterial oxygen, increased carbon dioxide)
Treatment: Supplemental oxygen(low concentrations), beta adrenergic sympathetomimetic drugs, inhaled corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, progressive exercise training, surgery
Pneumoconiosis
Diagnosis: Physical exam, patient history, radiography, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood tests
Treatment: Symptomatic, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, chest physical therapy to remove secretions, short term corticosteroids, lung transplantations, treat complications aggressively, cessation of smoking
Pleurisy(Pleuritis)
Diagnosis: Physical exam, patient history, radiography, CT scans, thoracostomy
Treatment: Antibiotic therapy, analgesics, splinting of chest, deep breathing exercises, therapeutic thoracostomy
Pneumothorax
Diagnosis: Radiography(air in pleural cavity), diminished breath sounds, sucking air sounds around wound site
Treatment: Place patient in Fowler’s or Semi-Fowler’s position, oxygen, occlusive dressings over sucking wound, thoracostomy, closed drainage system
Hemothorax
Diagnosis: Diminished/absent breath sounds, chest wall movement unaffected side, radiography(blood in pleural space), blood tests(hemorrhage), arterial blood tests
Treatment: Similar to pneumothorax, thoracostomy, closed drainage, surgical intervention, monitor vital signs, blood loss replaced
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Diagnosis: Mantoux test, intradermal tests, radiography(waldorff lesions), bronchoscopy, sputum cultures, atypical pulmonary infiltrates with cavities
Treatment: Quarantined, latent(isoniazid for six to nine months), active(drug therapy with multiple anti-tuberculosis agents), drug resistant(treated more aggressively with various combinations of different medications
Infectious Mononucleosis(Glandular Fever)
Diagnosis: Physical exam, patient history, blood smear, blood tests(bilirubin, EBV serology)
Treatment: Symptomatic, acute(bed rest, fluid intake, intravenous fluids for high fever, antipyretics
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome(ARDS)
Diagnosis: Radiography(shows diffuse bilateral alveolar infiltration with normal cardiac silhouette), depending on cause
Treatment: Interventions are supportive, oxygenation with humidified oxygen, mechanical ventilation, nutritional status, hydration, monitor arterial blood gas, blood pressure, urine output
Sarcoidosis
Diagnosis: Difficult to detect, physical exam, patient history, radiography of chest, lab tests, pulmonary function studies, biopsy of tissue
Treatments: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs to treat widespread diseases(disfiguring skin lesions, cardiac or central nervous system involvement), treatment not necessary when there are no symptoms or mild symptoms
Lung Cancer
Diagnosis: Abnormal chest radiography, sputum serologic analysis(positive for malignant cells), tissue biopsy, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, CT guided fine needled aspiration, CT scans, lab tests, staged using two staged systems
Treatment: Surgical resection, radiation, chemotherapy, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, palliative symptom control
