Endocrine

Question 1

Pituitary Dwarfism

Answer 1

Diagnosis: Blood test(low GH), imaging tests
Treatment: GH replacement therapy

Question 2

Gigantism

Answer 2

Diagnosis: Physical exam, imaging tests, biopsy, blood test(high GH)
Treatment: Surgery(well developed tumors), radiation therapy, medications to reduce growth hormone

Question 3

Acromegaly

Answer 3

Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, a blood test confirming high GH, imaging tests, biopsy
Treatment: Surgical removal of tumors(of pituitary or hypothalamus), medications that decrease GH secretion, radiation

Question 4

Diabetes Insipidus(DI)

Answer 4

Diagnosis: Medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, water restriction test
(Urine will show colorless with very low specific gravity)
Treatment: Vasopressin, Nephrogenic DI(Compensatory fluid intake), kidney transplant

Question 5

Hypothyroidism

Answer 5

Diagnosis: Medical history, signs and symptoms, blood tests confirming low T4 and T3 and high TSH, autoantibody testing and imaging tests
Treatment: Thyroid replacement surgery

Question 6

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Answer 6

Diagnosis: Blood test(low levels of T3 and T4 and high TSH)
Treatment: Thyroid hormone supplementation

Question 7

Hyperthyroidism(Grave’s Disease)

Answer 7

Diagnosis: Familiy history, physical exam, signs and symptoms, blood test(high T3 and T4, low TSH), imaging
Treatment: Medications(drugs used to inhibit formation of thyroid hormone, medications that control heart rate and blood pressure to prevent complications of thyrotoxicosis), radioactive iodine, surgery

Question 8

Simple Goiter

Answer 8

Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, blood tests(levels of TH and TSH), imaging tests
Treatments: Thyroid hormone replacement pills, small doses of iodine, radiation therapy, surgery

Question 9

Thyroid Cancer

Answer 9

Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, blood tests to measure the levels of TSH and TH, imaging tests and biopsy
Treatment: Surgery, radioactive iodine treatment, thyroid hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy

Question 10

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 10

Diagnosis: Blood tests(high PTH and calcium, low phosphorus), urinalysis(high calcium), imaging tests
Treatment: Surgery to remove a tumour, diuretics, limiting the intake of calcium

Question 11

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 11

Diagnosis: Physical exam, blood test(low PTH and calcium, high phosphate), electrocardiogram, imaging tests
Treatment: Calcium and Vitamin D

Question 12

Hypoadrenalism

Answer 12

Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, blood tests(low cortisol, high ACTH), ACTH simulation tests that measures the level of cortisol before and after an injection of synthetic ACTH, imaging tests
Treatment: Lifelong replacement of both glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids, additional medications(stress such as hydrocortisone)

Question 13

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

Answer 13

Treatment: Immediate rehydration with salt solutions, and intravenous glucocorticoid replacement

Question 14

Hyperadrenalism(Cushing’s Syndrome)

Answer 14

Diagnosis: Blood and urine tests(high levels of cortisol), imaging tests
Treatment: Removal of pituitary tumors(surgery or radiation), medications that block the synthesis of corticosteroids

Question 15

Hyperadrenalism(Conn’s Syndrome)

Answer 15

Diagnosis: Blood test(high levels of aldosterone, low or undetectable level of renin), imaging tests
Treatment: Surgery, antihypertensive medication, aldosterone blockers

Question 16

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus(T1DM)

Answer 16

Diagnosis: Urine test(presence or absence of glucose in urine), fasting blood glucose levels(sample of blood is taken after the person has fasted for 8 hours), glucose tolerance test
Treatment: Taking insulin, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, monitoring blood sugar

Question 17

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM)

Answer 17

Diagnosis: Urine testing and blood glucose testing
Treatment: Blood sugar monitoring, regular exercise, diabetes medication or insulin therapy

Question 18

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 18

Diagnosis: Oral glucose tolerance test
Treatment: Monitoring blood sugar, eating a healthy diet, getting regular physical activity, diabetes medication or insulin therapy

Question 19

Diabetic Coma

Answer 19

Treatment: Insulin

Question 20

Insulin Shock

Answer 20

Treatment: Intravenous glucose

Question 21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Answer 21

Treatment: Rehydrate and correct hyperglycemia(Aggressive IV fluid and electrolyte replacement and IV insulin administration)

Question 22

Hypergonadism

Answer 22

Diagnosis: Child’s and family’s medical history, physical exam, and blood tests to confirm elevated levels of sex hormones
Treatment: Removal or radiations of tumors, medications to suppress or counteract the sex hormones