Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory airway disorder

Characterised by recurrent episodes of SOB, cough, wheeze and chest tightness

Due to reversible airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 factors that contribute to airway obstruction in asthma?

A
  1. Bronchial muscle contraction
  2. Increased mucous secretion
  3. Mucosal swelling/ inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the possible SYMPTOMS of asthma?

A
  1. SOB/ dyspnoea
  2. Cough
  3. Wheeze
  4. Chest tightness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give 3 or more possible SIGNS of asthma on examination.

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Tachypnoea
  3. Reduced air entry
  4. Widespread polyphonic wheeze
  5. Chest hyperinflation
  6. Hyper-resonant percussion
  7. Accessory muscle use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which drug is used initially to treat newly diagnosed asthma?

SAMA
SABA
ICS

A

SABA eg. Salbutamol/ Terbutaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which drug is used 2nd after SABAs in the treatment of chronic asthma?

LTRA
ICS
SAMA

A

ICS eg. Beclametosone/ Budesonide/ Fluticasone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which drug is used 3rd after using SABAs and ICS in the treatment of chronic asthma?

LTRA
MART (LABA and ICS)
SAMA

A

LRTA eg. oral Monteleukast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which drugs are given initially in the treatment of acute severe or life threatening asthma?

A
  1. Oxygen- aim sats 94-98%
  2. Salbutamol nebuliser (5mg with oxygen)
  3. Ipratropium nebuliser (0.5mg QDS)
  4. Steroids- either Prednisolone oral 40-50mg OR Hydrocortisone 100mg IV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give 3 or more potential complications of COPD.

A
  1. Pulmonary hypertension
  2. Cor pulmonale
  3. Respiratory failure
  4. Lung cancer
  5. Acute exacerbations/ infectious exacerbations
  6. Polycythaemia (increased RBCs)
  7. Pneumothorax (due to ruptured bullae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 4 tests/ investigations should be done as recommended by NICE in diagnosing COPD?

A
  1. Spirometry with bronchodilator reversibility
  2. CXR- Exclude other pathologies
  3. FBC- Identify any secondary polycythaemia
  4. Calculate BMI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 2 or more side effects of B2 agonists used in asthma/COPD management.

A
  1. Tremor
  2. Anxiety
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Arrythmias
  5. Hypokalaemia
  6. Bronchospasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What treatments options can be used in the management of Acute Exacerbations of COPD?

A
  1. Oxygen- aim sats 88-92%
  2. Nebulisers- Salbutamol 5mg 4hr,
    Ipratropium 500mg QDS
  3. Steroids- oral Prednisolone or IV hydrocortisone
  4. Antibiotics- if evidence of infection
  5. Oral Theophylline- if no response to nebulisers and steroids
  6. NIV- Non invasive ventilation- if pH <7.35 or PaCO2 >6kPa
  7. Intubation and ventilation- if pH <7.26 or PaCO2 rising despite trial of NIV.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which antibiotic is given for low severity CAP?

Co-Amoxiclav
Amoxicillin
Metronidazole

A

Amoxicillin 500mg TDS 5 days

or Doxycyline/ Clarithromycin/ Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which 2 antibiotics are given for medium severity CAP?

Amoxicillin + Metronidazole
Amoxicillin + Doxycycline/ Clarithromycin
Doxycycline + Co-Amoxiclav

A

Amoxicillin + Doxycycline/ Clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which 2 antibiotics are given for high severity CAP?

Co-Amoxiclav and clarithromycin/erythromycin
Amoxicillin and Co-Amoxiclav
Metronidazole and Amoxicillin

A
  1. CoAmoxiclav
    Plus
  2. Clarithromycin/ Erythromycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which antibiotic is given 1st line for non-severe HAP?

A
  1. Co-Amoxiclav
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Suggest 2 or more antibiotics which may be used 1st line for severe HAP?

A
  1. Tazocin
  2. Meropenem
  3. Ceftriaxone
  4. Levofloxacin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Suggest 3 or more potential complications of pneumonia.

A
  1. Para-pneumonic effusion
  2. Empyema
  3. Respiratory failure (Type 1)
  4. Lung abscess
  5. Atrial fibrillation
  6. Hypotension- due to sepsis
  7. ARDS
  8. Sepsis
  9. Pneumothorax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, asthma and emphysema can cause which type of respiratory failure?

A

Type 1- PaO2 below 8kPa, Co2 levels normal or low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

COPD, GBS, Myasthenia gravis and opiods can cause which type of respiratory failure?

A

Type 2- PaO2 below 8kPa, CO2 levels above 6kPa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 2 or more clinical features of hypercapnia.

A
  1. Flapping tremor
  2. Bounding pulse
  3. Headache
  4. Peripheral vasodilation
  5. Tachycardia
  6. Papiloedema
  7. Confusion
22
Q

Give 2 or more clinical features of hypoxia.

A
  1. Central cyanosis
  2. Dyspnoea
  3. Restlessness
  4. Confusion
  5. Polycythaemia
  6. Cor pulmonale
  7. Pulmonary HTN
23
Q

If a person in type 1 respiratory failure is on 60% oxygen for management, and their PaO2 remains below 8kPa, what is the next management option?

A

Assisted ventilation- NIV or intubation.

24
Q

Patients in Type 2 respiratory failure should be started on ___% oxygen via Venturi mask.

25
Q

Which respiratory condition is characterised by chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles leading to airway thinning and dilatation?

A

Bronchiectasis

26
Q

Which syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder and has a triad of features including- 1. Bronchiectasis 2. Chronic sinusitis 3. Sinus invertus?

Kartagener’s syndrome
Young’s syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome

A

Kartagener’s syndrome

27
Q

Name 5 or more causes of haemoptysis.

A
  1. Infections- TB, Bronchiectasis, Pneumonia, Aspergillosis
  2. Parenchymal- Goodpasture’s syndrome, Interstitial Fibrosis, Sarcoidosis, CF
  3. Malignancy
  4. Vascular- PE, Vasculitis
  5. Cardiac- Pulmonary HTN, Mitral stenosis
  6. Trauma/ foreign body
  7. Warfarin
28
Q

Which syndrome is characterised by male infertility (azoospermia), bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis?

Kartagener’s syndrome
Young’s syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome

A

Young’s syndrome

29
Q

Give 4 or more clinical features of Cystic Fibrosis.

A
  1. Neonatal- bowel obstruction (meconium ileus), failure to thrive
  2. Resp- recurrent infections, bronchiectasis, haemoptysis
  3. GI- pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, diabetes, bowel obstruction, gallstones
  4. Male infertility
  5. Female subfertility
  6. Short stature
  7. Rectal prolapse
  8. Delayed puberty
  9. Nasal polyps
30
Q

Bronchiectasis is characterised by ______ inspiratory crepitations.

31
Q

ARDS is characterised by bilateral _____ inspiratory crepitations.

32
Q

What are the possible ECG findings in a patient having a PE?

A
  1. Normal ECG
  2. Right BBB
  3. Sinus tachycardia
  4. S1 Q3 T3= Large S wave in lead 1, Q wave in lead 3, inverted T wave in lead 3.
33
Q

Which of these therapies for smoking cessation is contraindicated in patients with epilepsy?

Nicotine replacement therapy
Varenicline
Buproprion

A

Buproprion

34
Q

In a tension pneumothorax, which way will the trachea deviate?

A

AWAY from the side of the pneumothorax

35
Q

Name 5 or more causes of Cor Pulmonale (Think resp, vascular, neuromuscular etc)

A
  1. Lung disease- COPD, Bronchiectasis, Fibrosis, Severe asthme
  2. Pulmonary vascular disease- primary pulmonary HTN, vasculitis, PE, Sickle Cell
  3. Neuromuscular disease- Myasthenia, MND
  4. Sleep apnoea
  5. Cardiovascular disease
  6. Thoracic wall deformity- scoliosis, kyphosis
36
Q

A patient has the following results from investigations:

FBC shows raised Hb and haematocrit
CXR shows right ventricular enlargement
ECG shows right axis deviation and right ventricular hypertrophy

What condition are they most likely to have?

A

Cor pulmonale

37
Q

Describe 2 or more possible clinical signs of cor pulmonale.

A
  1. Raised JVP
  2. Peripheral oedema
  3. Cyanosis
  4. Tachycardia
  5. Tricuspid regurgitation
  6. Right ventricular heave
  7. Hepatomegaly
38
Q

What happens to serum calcium levels in sarcoidosis?

A

Hypercalcaemia

39
Q

Which of these conditions causes fibrosis of the UPPER lung zones?

SLE
Drugs eg. Bleomycin
TB
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

40
Q

Which of these conditions causes fibrosis of the LOWER lung zones?

Asbestosis
TB
Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

Asbestosis

41
Q

Name 2 or more causes of UPPER zone fibrosis of the lung.

A
  1. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (EAA)
  2. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
  3. Silicosis
  4. TB
  5. Ankylosing spondylitis
  6. Radiation
42
Q

Name 1 or more drugs that can cause lung fibrosis.

A
  1. Bleomycin
  2. Methotrexate
  3. Sulfasalazine
  4. Amiodarone
  5. Nitrofurantoin
43
Q

Which type of ILD is characterised by “egg shell calcification” of the hilar lymph nodes?

44
Q

Which antibiotic used for treating TB has a potential side effect of peripheral neuropathy so should be given with Vit B6 (Pyridoxine)?

45
Q

Name 4 or more causes of respiratory acidosis.

A

Hypoventilation-

  1. Respiratory causes- COPD, asthma, pneumonia
  2. Sleep apnoea
  3. Drugs- opiods, sedatives
  4. Central respiratory depression- CVA, tumour
  5. Neurological- GBS, Myasthenia Gravis
46
Q

Name 4 or more causes of respiratory alkalosis.

A
  1. Hyperventilation- pain, anxiety
  2. Hypoxia leading to compensatory increase in ventilation- altitude, severe anaemia, PE, pulmonary oedema
  3. Increased mechanical ventilation
47
Q

Give 3 or more causes of OBSTRUCTIVE lung disease.

A 
COPD
Asthma
Emphysema
Bronchiectasis
CF
48
Q

Give 3 or more causes of RESTRICTIVE lung disease.

A 
Pulmonary oedema
Pneumoconiosis
Pleural effusion
Fibrosis/ILD
Obesity
Pregnancy
Connective tissue disorders
Sarcoidosis
Scoliosis
Neuromuscular- MND, GBS, Myaesthenia
49
Q

What happens to the FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in OBSTRUCTIVE lung disease when compared to normal?

A

FEV1 low
FVC low/normal
FEV1/FVC ratio low

50
Q

What happens to the FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in RESTRICTIVE lung disease when compared to normal?

A

FEV1 low
FVC low
FEV1/FVC ratio normal

51
Q

Kussmaul respiration is seen in which acid base disturbance?

A

Metabolic acidosis

Deep fast sighing breaths used to expire excess Co2.

52
Q

Name 3 respiratory and 3 other causes of finger clubbing.

A

Respiratory-

  1. Lung cancer
  2. Mesothelioma
  3. Bronchiectasis
  4. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  5. Cystic fibrosis
  6. TB

Non-respiratory-

  1. IBD- especially Crohns
  2. Congenital cyanotic heart disease
  3. Atrial myxoma
  4. Endocarditis
  5. Cirrhosis
  6. Grave’s disease
  7. GI lyphoma

Medicine (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions