Respiratory

Question 1

What type of epithelium is found in the conducting portion of the resp system?

Answer 1

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, primary bronchi and secondary bronchi have cilliated pseudo stratified with goblet cells
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles have simple columnar with Cali and Clara cells, but no goblet cells

Question 2

Which types of epithelia are found in the alveoli?

Answer 2

Simple Squamous/ type 1 and septal type 2

Question 3

The respirator bronchioles and alveolar ducts have hat type of epithelium?

Answer 3

Simple Cuboidal with Clara cells and sparse cilia

Question 4

Name the two broad regions of the nasal cavities

Answer 4

Non-olfactory

Olfactory

Question 5

What epithelium is present in non olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 5

Pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium.

Question 6

What can be found in the lamina propria of the no olfactory portion of the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

Venous sinuses and mucous glands.

The venous sinuses alternated air flow for side to side by swelling every 20-30 minutes- this prevents drying out.

Question 7

Why aren’t alveoli damaged by really cold air?

Answer 7

Arterial blood in the non olfactory region of the nasal cavity warm it

Question 8

What keeps the nasal cavity open?

Answer 8

Cartilage and bone

Question 9

What epithelium is found in the olfactory region? Where is it found?

Answer 9

Thick pseudo stratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells.
Found in the posterior superior region of the nasal fossa

Question 10

Where is a peanut most likely to lodge if inhaled?

Answer 10

Right bronchus because of shallower angle

Question 11

What position do you insert a chest drain?

Answer 11

7th intercostal space in the lower portion of the space so to avoid the nerves and blood vessels running inferior to each rib. You drain low down because fluid will sink to the bottom of the lungs, but don’t go too low because you don’t want to catch the diaphragm.

Question 12

What do you have more of in COPD?

Answer 12

Thicker sub mucousa with serous glands- hypertrophic. Smaller lumen of alveoli with more mucous.
Goblet cell hyperplasia.
A smaller proportion of ciliated epithelia

Question 13

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

Answer 13

Deoxygenated

Question 14

Where do the lungs get their blood supply?

Answer 14

Bronchial artery

Question 15

What keeps a bronchioles open?

Answer 15

The surrounding alveoli

Question 16

What happens in asthma?

Answer 16

Allergic response.
Smoot muscle of bronchioles contracts
Lumen reduced.
When alveoli aren’t inflated, in expiration there isn’t anything to keep the bronchioles open so bronchococnstriction can collapse them down.

Treat by inhibition of smooth muscle contraction.

Question 17

What is the first portion of the lungs air pathway that has alveoli coming off it?

Answer 17

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 18

Where are alveoli found?

Answer 18

Off respiratory bronchioles
Off alveolar ducts
Part of alveolar sac
Off another alveolus via alveolar pore

Question 19

List key features of alveolar walls.

Answer 19

• lots of capillaries
• elastic and reticular fibres for support
• type 1 pneumocystis mainly
• intervening type 2 pneumocytes

Question 20

What’s the ratio of type 1 to type 2 cells in the alveolar.

Answer 20

Type 1: Type 2 9:1

More squamous than cuboidal - makes sense for gas exchange that thin ones are more prevelant.

Question 21

What stops alveolar collapse?

Answer 21

Surfactant which is exocytosed in llamellar bodies from type 2 cells

Question 22

COPD include which two conditions?

Answer 22

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 23

Key risk factors for emphysema

Answer 23

Smoking

Deficiency in alpha 1-antitrypsin

Question 24

What breathing technique aids keeping alveoli and bronchi patent in COPD?

Answer 24

Purse lip breathing- lean forward and purse your lips to keep lungs under high pressure.

Question 25

What is a common immune cell in alveoli?

Answer 25

Macrophages

Question 26

How many alveoli do we have and when does development stop?

Answer 26

300 million alveoli which stop at age 8

Question 27

Patient presents with an ulnar claw, difficulty breathing and a fast heart rate and inosokoria what reporter cause might there be?

Answer 27

Pancoast tumour compressing phrenic and vagus nerve as well as C8 and T1
Corners from sympathetic trunk compression

Question 28

Which lung has two lobes and how many lobes does the other lung have?

Answer 28

R3
L2

(left to right theories- Left 2 Right 3)

Question 29

How do lung tumours or aortic aneurysms result in a hoarse voice?

Answer 29

Recurrent laryngeal nerve compression

Question 30

What is in the conducting portion of the Resp system?

Answer 30

Nasal Cavity 
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

Question 31

What are the 3 components of the respiratpry portion?

Answer 31

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

Question 32

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts have what type of epithelium?

Answer 32

Simple cuboidal with clara cells and sparse cilia

Question 33

Pseudo stratified ciliated with some goblet cells line from where to where?

Answer 33

Nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

Question 34

In the terminal bronchioles simple columnar epithelium with cilia are seen. What other cell type is present?

Answer 34

Clara cells