Respiratory Flashcards
What type of epithelium is found in the conducting portion of the resp system?
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, primary bronchi and secondary bronchi have cilliated pseudo stratified with goblet cells
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles have simple columnar with Cali and Clara cells, but no goblet cells
Which types of epithelia are found in the alveoli?
Simple Squamous/ type 1 and septal type 2
The respirator bronchioles and alveolar ducts have hat type of epithelium?
Simple Cuboidal with Clara cells and sparse cilia
Name the two broad regions of the nasal cavities
Non-olfactory
Olfactory
What epithelium is present in non olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
Pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium.
What can be found in the lamina propria of the no olfactory portion of the nasal cavity?
Venous sinuses and mucous glands.
The venous sinuses alternated air flow for side to side by swelling every 20-30 minutes- this prevents drying out.
Why aren’t alveoli damaged by really cold air?
Arterial blood in the non olfactory region of the nasal cavity warm it
What keeps the nasal cavity open?
Cartilage and bone
What epithelium is found in the olfactory region? Where is it found?
Thick pseudo stratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells.
Found in the posterior superior region of the nasal fossa
Where is a peanut most likely to lodge if inhaled?
Right bronchus because of shallower angle
What position do you insert a chest drain?
7th intercostal space in the lower portion of the space so to avoid the nerves and blood vessels running inferior to each rib. You drain low down because fluid will sink to the bottom of the lungs, but don’t go too low because you don’t want to catch the diaphragm.
What do you have more of in COPD?
Thicker sub mucousa with serous glands- hypertrophic. Smaller lumen of alveoli with more mucous.
Goblet cell hyperplasia.
A smaller proportion of ciliated epithelia
What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?
Deoxygenated
Where do the lungs get their blood supply?
Bronchial artery
What keeps a bronchioles open?
The surrounding alveoli
What happens in asthma?
Allergic response.
Smoot muscle of bronchioles contracts
Lumen reduced.
When alveoli aren’t inflated, in expiration there isn’t anything to keep the bronchioles open so bronchococnstriction can collapse them down.
Treat by inhibition of smooth muscle contraction.
What is the first portion of the lungs air pathway that has alveoli coming off it?
Respiratory bronchioles
Where are alveoli found?
Off respiratory bronchioles
Off alveolar ducts
Part of alveolar sac
Off another alveolus via alveolar pore
List key features of alveolar walls.
- lots of capillaries
- elastic and reticular fibres for support
- type 1 pneumocystis mainly
- intervening type 2 pneumocytes
What’s the ratio of type 1 to type 2 cells in the alveolar.
Type 1: Type 2 9:1
More squamous than cuboidal - makes sense for gas exchange that thin ones are more prevelant.
What stops alveolar collapse?
Surfactant which is exocytosed in llamellar bodies from type 2 cells
COPD include which two conditions?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Key risk factors for emphysema
Smoking
Deficiency in alpha 1-antitrypsin
What breathing technique aids keeping alveoli and bronchi patent in COPD?
Purse lip breathing- lean forward and purse your lips to keep lungs under high pressure.
