Endocrine System

Question 1

List 5 functions of hormones

Answer 1

Control and regulate 
1 reproduction 
2 metabolism
3 growth
4 defence
5 homeostasis

Question 2

What’s the thymus?

Answer 2

An organ involved in T cell maturation by the production of thymosin. Post puberty the thymus involutes. Located at the superior mediastinum.

Question 3

Where do endocrine secrete?

Answer 3

In to the blood

Question 4

What do exocrine glands have that endocrine do not?

Answer 4

Ducts

Question 5

What’s the difference between neurocrine and endocrine.

Answer 5

Cell secrets into blood stream- endocrine

Nerve secretes at end terminal into blood stream - neurocrine

Question 6

Name the three locations of neurocrine secretion:

Answer 6

Adrenal medulla
Anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus

Question 7

Portal capillary systems are rare. Where are they found

Answer 7

Hepatic portal system

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 8

How do hormones regulate glands?

Answer 8

Positive and negative feedback loops

Question 9

Thyroxine inhibits…

Answer 9

TRH AND TSH production

Question 10

What are the principle effectors of the stress response ?

Answer 10

Hypothalamus
Anterior lobe of the pituitary
Adrenal gland

Question 11

Chromaffin cells are found where and are considered as?

Answer 11

They are epitheliod cells found in the medulla considered as post synaptic neurons

Question 12

What function does the pineal gland have?

Answer 12

Melatonin production

Gonadotrophin inhibition

Question 13

What’s significant about pineal glands on imaging?

Answer 13

They calcify and so show up on X Ray in early adulthood

Question 14

What 2 systems allow body system communication?

Answer 14

Nervous

Endocrine

Question 15

Sympathetic nervous stimulation inhibits all digestive organs apart from which process in which accessory organ?

Answer 15

Glycogenolysis in the liver

Question 16

What do your heart and lungs do if the sympathetic stimulus is increased?

Answer 16

Heart beats faster and harder

Lung- airways relax

Question 17

Which spinal areas release sympathetic innervation?

Answer 17

Throracic

Lumbar

Question 18

Are cranial nerves stimulated by parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

Answer 18

parasympathetic

Question 19

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system stimulates urination by bladder contraction?

Answer 19

Parasympathetic

Question 20

What autonomic control is vascular smooth muscle under and by which receptor type?

Answer 20

Alpha 1 - adreno receptor

Sympathetic control

Question 21

In times of stress what do we want our vessels to do under sympathetic control.

Answer 21

Superficial vasoconstriction- minimise blood loss
Venoconstriction to increase cardiac return.
Prioritize blood flow to brain, heart and skeletal muscle.

Question 22

Which two hormone categories are tyrosine derivatives?

Answer 22

Thyroid hormone

Catecholamines

Question 23

Where are the receptors found for steroid hormones and thyroid hormone?

Answer 23

The nucleus

Question 24

What is the produced in the hypothalamus?

Answer 24

ADH and oxytocin go to posterior pituitary for storage and release
G- Growth hormone (releasing and inhibitory) hormone
G- Gonadotrophic hormones
P- Prolactin Releasing hormone
T- Thyrotropin releasing hormone
A- Cortico releasing hormone (from Adrenals)
(Giant Gonads Prolong The Action is away of remembering the hypothalamus - ant pitutatry hormones)

Question 25

What is stress?

Answer 25

Real or perceived threat to homeostasis that will activate our stress response involving endocrine, nervous and the immune systems to invoke behavioural and physical changes in an aim to survive.

Question 26

What behavioural changes are seen in the stress response?

Answer 26

Increased awareness Improved cognition Euphoria Enhanced analgesia

Question 27

What are the physiological changes in a stress response?

Answer 27

Increased vascular tone Increased resp rate Decrease in vegetative functions - feeding, gigesting, growing, reproduction and immune functions

Question 28

What hormones are released by the adrenal gland?

Answer 28

Medulla - adrenaline and nor adrenaline Cortex -G Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) -F Glucocorticoids (cortisol) -R Androgens

Question 29

What does the adrenal gland help to do in fight or flight?

Answer 29

Mobilise glucose Increase BP Shut down all non emergency services in the body

Question 30

Tell me which glands make what to result in cortisol release.

Answer 30

Hypothalamus releases cortotropin releasing hormone. Ant. Pitatry releases Adreno- Cortico Tropic Hormone. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Question 31

What are the short term stress responses of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline?

Answer 31

``` Glycogen breaks down to glucose Increases BP Increase metabolism Increases respiration Changes in blood flow ```

Question 32

What so mineral corticoids do?

Answer 32

Increase sodium retention | Increase blood volume and BP

Question 33

What is the role of glucocoricoids?

Answer 33

Proteins and fats converted to glucose or used for energy Increase blood sugar Suppress immune system

Question 34

What does light exposure do to melatonin release from the pineal gland?

Answer 34

inhibits it

Question 35

How does the pineal gland know if its dark or light?

Answer 35

Neuronal pathway is retina- hypothalamus- pineal gland

Question 36

Where is the pineal gland?

Answer 36

Midline