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Year 1 Body Logistics > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 functions of hormones

A 
Control and regulate 
1 reproduction 
2 metabolism
3 growth
4 defence
5 homeostasis
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2
Q

What’s the thymus?

A

An organ involved in T cell maturation by the production of thymosin. Post puberty the thymus involutes. Located at the superior mediastinum.

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3
Q

Where do endocrine secrete?

A

In to the blood

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4
Q

What do exocrine glands have that endocrine do not?

A

Ducts

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5
Q

What’s the difference between neurocrine and endocrine.

A

Cell secrets into blood stream- endocrine

Nerve secretes at end terminal into blood stream - neurocrine

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6
Q

Name the three locations of neurocrine secretion:

A

Adrenal medulla
Anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Portal capillary systems are rare. Where are they found

A

Hepatic portal system

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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8
Q

How do hormones regulate glands?

A

Positive and negative feedback loops

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9
Q

Thyroxine inhibits…

A

TRH AND TSH production

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10
Q

What are the principle effectors of the stress response ?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior lobe of the pituitary
Adrenal gland

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11
Q

Chromaffin cells are found where and are considered as?

A

They are epitheliod cells found in the medulla considered as post synaptic neurons

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12
Q

What function does the pineal gland have?

A

Melatonin production

Gonadotrophin inhibition

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13
Q

What’s significant about pineal glands on imaging?

A

They calcify and so show up on X Ray in early adulthood

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14
Q

What 2 systems allow body system communication?

A

Nervous

Endocrine

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15
Q

Sympathetic nervous stimulation inhibits all digestive organs apart from which process in which accessory organ?

A

Glycogenolysis in the liver

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16
Q

What do your heart and lungs do if the sympathetic stimulus is increased?

A

Heart beats faster and harder

Lung- airways relax

17
Q

Which spinal areas release sympathetic innervation?

A

Throracic

Lumbar

18
Q

Are cranial nerves stimulated by parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

A

parasympathetic

19
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system stimulates urination by bladder contraction?

A

Parasympathetic

20
Q

What autonomic control is vascular smooth muscle under and by which receptor type?

A

Alpha 1 - adreno receptor

Sympathetic control

21
Q

In times of stress what do we want our vessels to do under sympathetic control.

A

Superficial vasoconstriction- minimise blood loss
Venoconstriction to increase cardiac return.
Prioritize blood flow to brain, heart and skeletal muscle.

22
Q

Which two hormone categories are tyrosine derivatives?

A

Thyroid hormone

Catecholamines

23
Q

Where are the receptors found for steroid hormones and thyroid hormone?

A

The nucleus

24
Q

What is the produced in the hypothalamus?

A

ADH and oxytocin go to posterior pituitary for storage and release
G- Growth hormone (releasing and inhibitory) hormone
G- Gonadotrophic hormones
P- Prolactin Releasing hormone
T- Thyrotropin releasing hormone
A- Cortico releasing hormone (from Adrenals)
(Giant Gonads Prolong The Action is away of remembering the hypothalamus - ant pitutatry hormones)

25
Q

What is stress?

A

Real or perceived threat to homeostasis that will activate our stress response involving endocrine, nervous and the immune systems to invoke behavioural and physical changes in an aim to survive.

26
Q

What behavioural changes are seen in the stress response?

A

Increased awareness
Improved cognition
Euphoria
Enhanced analgesia

27
Q

What are the physiological changes in a stress response?

A

Increased vascular tone
Increased resp rate
Decrease in vegetative functions - feeding, gigesting, growing, reproduction and immune functions

28
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal gland?

A

Medulla - adrenaline and nor adrenaline
Cortex -G Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
-F Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
-R Androgens

29
Q

What does the adrenal gland help to do in fight or flight?

A

Mobilise glucose
Increase BP
Shut down all non emergency services in the body

30
Q

Tell me which glands make what to result in cortisol release.

A

Hypothalamus releases cortotropin releasing hormone.
Ant. Pitatry releases Adreno- Cortico Tropic Hormone.
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

31
Q

What are the short term stress responses of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline?

A 
Glycogen breaks down to glucose 
Increases BP
Increase metabolism 
Increases respiration 
Changes in blood flow
32
Q

What so mineral corticoids do?

A

Increase sodium retention

Increase blood volume and BP

33
Q

What is the role of glucocoricoids?

A

Proteins and fats converted to glucose or used for energy
Increase blood sugar
Suppress immune system

34
Q

What does light exposure do to melatonin release from the pineal gland?

A

inhibits it

35
Q

How does the pineal gland know if its dark or light?

A

Neuronal pathway is retina- hypothalamus- pineal gland

36
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Midline

Year 1 Body Logistics (11 decks)

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