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Year 1 Body Logistics > Immune System and Lymph > Flashcards

Immune System and Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

How do we make pathogens appear tasty?

A

Opsonisation

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2
Q

List 4 phagocytes.

A

Neutrophils, Eosoniphils, monocytes and macrophages

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3
Q

Outline the process of phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes are part of the innate immune response, they are cells that engulf pathogens. Once the foreign body is engulfed it’s said to have made a phagosome. The phagosome fuses with a lysosome to make a phagolysosome. This can break down the intruder.

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4
Q

There are two methods of chemical break down of pathogens in phagocytosis, what are they?

A

Oxygen dependent by reactive oxygen species

Oxygen independent by hydrolases

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5
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Binding of opsonin to the bacteria marking it for phagocytosis.

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6
Q

What is opsonin?

A

A free floating plasma protein which is part of the innate and adaptive immune response.

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7
Q

What is complement?

A

Group of serum proteins involved in
Cell destruction
Inflammation
Opsonisation

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8
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

The sequential manner in which complements respond.

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9
Q

How is complement activated?

A

2 pathways: classical or alternative

Classical- C1 activated when it binds to the antigen,antibody complex

Alternative- C3b is activated when it reacts directly with the antigen on the pathogen cell wall

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10
Q

At what point do the complement Cascades become the same independent of the activation being classical or alternative?

A

After C3

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11
Q

What’s the risk with low complement?

A

Increased risk of bacterial infection

Higher likelihood of autoimmune conditions

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12
Q

What is oedema?

A

An accumulation of excess fluid (watery) in cells, tissues and serous cavities

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13
Q

What’s lymphoedema?

A

Swelling in subcutaneous tissues as a result of damaged or obstructed lymphatic a or lymph nodes giving an accumulation of lymph in the region affected.

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14
Q

What type of oedema does not pit?

A

Lymph

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15
Q

Describe the sequence of vessel types in tissues?

A

Arteriole-metarteriole-through channel - arterial capillary- venous capillary-venule

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16
Q

What are lymphatic a closely associated with?

A

Capillary beds

17
Q

What helps lymph return to the blood?

A

Thoracic pressure change
Skeletal muscle activity
Adjacent artery pulsation

18
Q

What is the purpose of the pre capillary sphincter?

A

Control blood flow depending on activity

19
Q

What happens in congested heart failure?

A

Both sides of the lungs stop working. Right side can’t cope with venous return so venous pressure increases. Left sided heart failure means you get a back up of pressure in the lungs.

20
Q

If you have right sided heart failure where is the resulting oedema?

A

Peripheral

21
Q

If you have left sided heart failure where is the associated oedema?

A

Lungs

22
Q

Where is the right side of the heart receiving blood from?

A

The body

23
Q

Where is the left side of the heart receiving blood from?

A

The lungs

24
Q

High oncotic pressure in the veins means water will move…

A

In to the vessel of help dilate the hypertonic solution of the blood

25
Q

High hydrostatic pressure in a vein will move water where?

A

Out of the vein or restrict resorption

26
Q

Which pressure type varies from arteries to veins oncotic or hydrostatic?

A

Hydrostatic

27
Q

What’s arterial and venous oncotic and hydrostatic pressures?

A

Artery hydrostatic: 35mmHg
Venous hydrostatic : 15mmHg
Colloid oncotic pressure : 25mmHg

28
Q

What leaves the blood in tissues at capillary beds?

A

Oxygen, nutrients and glucose as well as some water

29
Q

What moves into capillaries ?

A

Carbon dioxide, waste and resorption of water as hydrostatic pressure in veins drop

30
Q

Why does high venous pressure become most apparent in the ankles?

A

Vertical pressure gradient in standing patients. Supine patients will suffer sacral oedema

31
Q

If swelling appears during the day in the ankles what type of oedema is it likely to be?

A

Peripheral oedema not due to lymphatics

32
Q

Unilateral ankle swelling through the day suggest what type of aetiology?

A

Localised not a systemic or heart failure related problem

33
Q

In hyperproteinaemic patients where there is nephrotic syndrome why is oedema seen around the eyes in the morning?

A

Lying down the eyes are higher so verticals pressure gradient allows the fluid to accumulate there

34
Q

Which oedema causes inflammatory fibrotic changes?

A

Lymphoedema

35
Q

Is there an absence of lymphoedema in the morning.

A

No

36
Q

Why do heart failure patients have discoloured legs.

A

Poor venous return to heart so capillaries burst and erythrocytes discolour the tissue as they leak out

37
Q

Which is darker fe2+ or fe3+

A

Fe3+

Year 1 Body Logistics (11 decks)

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