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Phys 208 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Four primary functions of resp system

A

1) xchange gas
2) homeostatic pH regulation
3) protect from pathogens and irritants
4) vocalization

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2
Q

air exchange occurs by __ flow

A

bulk

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3
Q

what are the 3 principles of bulk flow?

A

1) high P to low P
2) muscular pump create P gradient
3) R determined by tube diameter

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of respiration?

A

cellular + external

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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of external respiration?

A

1) atmosphere to lung
2) lung to blood
3) transport of gases in blood
4) blood to cells

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6
Q

what is ventilation?

A

exchange 1, between atm and lung

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7
Q

what are alveoli responsible for?

A

xchange between resp and cardio systems

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8
Q

what are structures involved in ventilation/gas exchange?

A

alveoli, conducting system/airways, bones/muscles of thorax

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9
Q

the __ lung is smaller than the __ lung because of the ___ notch

A

left; right; cardiac

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10
Q

Each lung is surrounded by ____ which has __ layers

A

pleural sac; 2

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11
Q

layer of pleural sac connected to outside surface of lungs?

A

visceral pleura

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12
Q

layer of pleural sac connected to inside surface of thoracic cavity?

A

parietal pleura

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13
Q

what is the purpose of pleural sac?

A

create moist slippery surface and hold lungs tight to thoracic wall

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14
Q

semiflexible tube held open with 15-20 cartilage rings

A

trachea

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15
Q

vocal cords are ___, wind pipe is ___

A

larynx; trachea

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16
Q

role of upper airways and bronchii?

A

warming air to body temp, adding water vapor, filtering foreign material

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17
Q

why is nose breathing more efficient?

A

nasal cavity has large SA, rich blood supply, hair to catch debris; shape of airway cause particles embed in mucus of pharynx and slide to esophagus

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18
Q

epithelial cells produce ___ and goblet cells produce ___

A

saline; mucus

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19
Q

mucus contains:

A

immunoglobins

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20
Q

____ cells contain cilia which push the mucus towards the ____ in what is called the _____ escalator

A

epithelial; pharynx; mucocilliary escalator

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21
Q

why is saline necessary for mucocillary escalator?

A

without it, cilia would become embedded in thick mucus layer and unable to move

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22
Q

saline secretion occurs with ____ channels and the movement of ___ and ___ ions

A

CFTR; Na; Cl

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23
Q

condition caused by autosomal recessive mutation in gene producing CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis

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24
Q

what are three symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

1) reduced production saline
2) mucus can’t be cleared, so bacteria colonize (lung infections)
3) GI+pancreas cysts, fibrosis

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25
Q

how many alveoli in adult resp sys?

A

300-600 million

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26
Q

where are alveoli located?

A

at ends of bronchioles

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27
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells are for ___, Type 2 are for synthesizing ____

A

gas exchange (thin, make up 95% SA); surfactant (and dividing to make new type 1 to replace damaged areas)

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28
Q

pulmonary circ is __ flow rate and ___ pressure, due to __ resistance

A

high; low; low

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29
Q

why is pulmonary circ low resistance?

A

shorter circuit, more distensible, larger CS area

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30
Q

Blood and air are both fluids. True or False?

A

True

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31
Q

1mmHg=___cmH20; 760mmHh=___kPa

A

1.36; 101.325

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32
Q

How to find Pgas in humid air?

A

(Patm-PH2O)x% gas in atm

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33
Q

what is Boyles Law?

A

P1V1=P2V2

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34
Q

Total ventilation during rest is found by calculating the product of ____ and ____ of breaths

A

tidal volume; frequency

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35
Q

additional air that can still be inspired after quiet insp?

A

inspiratory reserve vol

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36
Q

inspiratory reserve vol is about ___mL , expiratory reserve vol is about ___mL, residual volume is about ____mL

A

3000; 1100; 1200

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37
Q

this lung volume is measured by amount of helium and functional residual capacity

A

residual volume

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38
Q

what are the two important functions of residual volume?

A

prevent airway collapse and allow continuous gas exchange

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39
Q

what are the 4 lung capacities?

A

total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, vital capacity

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40
Q

60-75% inspiratory vol change due to ___

A

diaphragm

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41
Q

25-40% inspiratory vol change due to ____ and ____

A

external intercostals (bucet handle); scalenes (pump handle)

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42
Q

quiet expiration is ____

A

passive

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43
Q

muscles involved in forced inspiration are:

A

sternonucleidomastoids, neck/back muscles, upper resp tract muscles

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44
Q

muscles involved in forced expiration are:

A

abs, internal intercostals, triangulas sterni, neck/back

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45
Q

intrapleural pressure is approx ___mmHg

A

-3

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46
Q

spontaneous or traumatic interruption in intrapleural pressure resulting in a collapsed lung:

A

pneumothorax

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47
Q

70% of spontaneous pneumothorax due to:

A

emphysema

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48
Q

stretchiness of lung is called:

A

compliance

49
Q

elastic recoil of lung is called:

A

lung elastance

50
Q

a condition resulting in decreased compliance because of excess fibrous connective tissue in lungs

A

pulmonary fibrosis

51
Q

what causes pulmonary fibrosis?

A

inhalation of pollutants, infection, genes, age

52
Q

what is the main cause of emphysema?

A

cigarette smoking

53
Q

condition where proteolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes called neutrophils attack alveolar tissue

A

emphysema

54
Q

what does emphysema cause in the body?

A

, weakening alveoli walls and creating airway resistance, reducing SA, and causing loss of lung recoil

55
Q

___ at air/water interface is important determinant of compliance/recoil

A

surface tension

56
Q

what is Laplace’s equation?

A

P=2T/r

57
Q

surfactant is about 90% ____, 10% ____

A

phospholipids; protein

58
Q

what does surfactant do?

A

it reduces surface tension, regulates alv size, increases compliance, decreases fluid accumulation in alv (prevent collapse)

59
Q

this condition happens in premature infants who can’t make enough surfactant

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

60
Q

How do you prevent IRDS?

A

glucocorticoid injection

61
Q

90% airway R occur in __ and __

A

trachea and bronchi

62
Q

bronchoconstriction is mediated by _______, dilation by _____

A

parasymp, histamines, leukotreienes; CO2, epinephrine (B2 receptors)

63
Q

chronic inflammatory condition with ^ resistance, smooth muscle hypersensitive to stim like exercise/allergens/temp change

A

asthma

64
Q

infrequent asthma attacks treated with _____, frequent attacks w/ ___

A

B2-adrenergic agonist (inhaler); weekly inhaled corticosteroid

65
Q

why is total pulmonary vent not equal to total alveolar vent?

A

because of 150 mL of anatomical dead space (not take part in gas xchange)

66
Q

how to calculate alv vent?

A

vent rate x (TV-deadspace)

67
Q

normal breathing is refered to as ____

A

eupnea

68
Q

increased respiratory rate/volume in response to increased metabolism would be called ____

A

hyperpnea

69
Q

what is an example of hyperpnea?

A

exercising

70
Q

increased resp rate/vol with no increased metabol would be called:

A

hyperventilation

71
Q

Examples of hyperventilation would be:

A

emotional response, blowing a balloon

72
Q

what would be an example of hypoventilation?

A

asthma

73
Q

rapid breathing, characterized by panting would be called:

A

tachypnea

74
Q

difficulty breathing, can be caused by extreme exercise, called:

A

dyspnea

75
Q

what causes apnea?

A

depression of the CNS control centre

76
Q

alveolar blood flow is also known as:

A

perfusion

77
Q

pulmonary arterioles primarily influenced by _____, bronchioles by _____

A

decreasing O2 levels (constrict) CO2 lvl (v cause constrict and ^ cause dilate)

78
Q

impaired diffusion/transport results in ____, which is often paired with excess CO2 called ___

A

hypoxia; hypercapnia

79
Q

type of hypoxia caused by low arterial Po2 because of high altitude:

A

hypoxic

80
Q

type of hypoxia caused by v lvl O2 bound to hemo because of CO poisoning

A

anemic

81
Q

type of hypoxia caused by v blood flow

A

ischemic

82
Q

type of hypoxia caused by cell poisoning by cyanide

A

histotoxic

83
Q

what are the 3 variables body respond to, prevent hypoxia/hypercapnia?

A

O2 (ATP production), CO2 (CNS depress, acid precursor), pH (protein denature)

84
Q

what causes alveolar hypoventilation?

A

morphine/alcohol can v rate/depth of breath, ^ R, v lung compliance, CNS issues

85
Q

if hypoxia not caused by hypovent in alv or alt in atm PO2 then it is because:

A

there is a prob w/ gas xchange between alv and blood

86
Q

what is the main determinant of diffusion? What are some of the others?

A

concentration gradient; SA, barrier permeability, diffusion distance, solubility of gas

87
Q

which is more soluble in water: O2 or CO2

A

CO2

88
Q

what is the mass flow equation?

A

O2 transport = CO x O2 [ ]

89
Q

what is the mass balance equation?

A

arterial O2 transport - venous O2 transport = QO2

90
Q

what is the Fick equation?

A

CO x (arterial [O2] - Venous [O2]) = QO2

91
Q

our body only uses about ___ circulating O2

A

1/4

92
Q

> ___% O2 in blood bound to hemoglobin, __% in plasma

A

98; 2

93
Q

how many Hb in one RBC?

A

250 million

94
Q

what is law of mass action?

A

[ ] free O2 ^, more O2 bind Hb to make HbO2

95
Q

plasma O2 depend on alveolar PO2 which depends on:

A

comp of inspired air, alv. vent rate, efficiency of gas xchange

96
Q

why does fetal hemoglobin have higher % saturation Hb?

A

2 gamma instead of beta strip away more O2

97
Q

what are physical factors altering Hb affinity for O2?

A

pH (Bohr effect), PCO2, temp, 2,3 DPG

98
Q

what conditions cause ^ DPG?

A

chronic hypoxia, anemia, ^ altitude

99
Q

__% CO2 dissolved, __% converted to bicarbonate, ___% bind to HbCO2

A

7; 70; 23

100
Q

HCO3 enter plasma in xchange for ___

A

chloride (chloride shift)

101
Q

purposes of CO2–>bicarbonate conversion?

A

act as buffer, provide additional means transport

102
Q

what catalyzes CO2–>bicarbonate rxn?

A

carbonic anhydrase

103
Q

what two mechs to prevent equilibrium of CO2 and HCO3?

A

Hb mop up xs H+, Cl- exchanger remove HCO3 from RBC

104
Q

resp. neurons in ___ control insp and exp muscles; contains pacemaker

A

medulla

105
Q

neurons in __ integrate sensory info and interact with medullary neurons, help smooth breathing but not vital

A

pons

106
Q

ventilation modulated by ___ reflexes and by ____ centres

A

chemo/mechanoreceptor linked; higher brain

107
Q

medulla contains ___ which contains ___ that mainly controls ___ muscles

A

NTS; DRG; inspiratory

108
Q

this nerve is associated with the diaphragm and DRG

A

phrenic

109
Q

this nerve is assoc w/ ext. intercostals and DRG

A

intercostal

110
Q

VRG contains _____ complex that contains ___ neurons

A

pre-botzinger; pacemaker

111
Q

VRG controls muscles of ___ insp/exp and keeps upper airways ___

A

active; open

112
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are ___ and ___ bodies; the latter contains ___ cells

A

aortic; carotid; glomus

113
Q

what do periph chemorecep respond to mainly? what other things they respond to?

A

^ CO2; large drop PO2, ^ H+

114
Q

central chemorecep found in ___ respond mainly to changes in ____ and pH changes in ____ caused by CO2

A

medulla; PCO2; Cerebrospinal fluid

115
Q

can H+ cross the BBB?

A

no

116
Q

what are H+ sensitive channels called

A

ASIC

117
Q

stretch receptors in lung are involved with _____ reflex

A

Herring-Breuer

118
Q

How do irritant receptors in lungs respond to noxious gas/inhaled particles?

A

send input to CNS integration centre, parasymp outputs cause bronchoconstrict, shallow breating, turbulent airflow–>irritant deposited in mucosa

119
Q

why can’t we hold our breath until we die?

A

chemoreceptors take over, when go unconscious subconscious reflexes take over

Phys 208 (10 decks)

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