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Phys 208 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

three sets of sex organs?

A

gonads, internal genitalia, external genitalia

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2
Q

examples of abnormal sex chrom distribution?

A

disomic gametes, nullsomic gametes

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3
Q

why does abnormal sex chrom distribution occur?

A

non-disjunction

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4
Q

having just an X is called ___ syndrome

A

Turner

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5
Q

having XXY is called ___ syndrome

A

klinefelter’s

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6
Q

which one is non viable: Y, XXX, XYY

A

Y

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7
Q

X-linked recessive gene disorders more commly affect ____

A

males

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8
Q

examples of X-linked recessive gene disorders?

A

muscular dystrophy, color blindness, hemophilia

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9
Q

what causes tortoiseshell pattern on cats?

A

allele for one colour is paternal X, other is maternal. One of the two is shut off in each cell at random.

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10
Q

reproductive structures don’t start differentiate until ____ week; before this, considered _____

A

7th; bipotential

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11
Q

Wolffian duct is associated with ____, Mullerian duct associated with ____

A

males; females

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12
Q

what does Sry gene do?

A

produces testis determining factor (TDF)

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13
Q

testes produce these 3 hormones influencing development:

A

anti-mullerian hormone; testosterone; dihydrotestosterone

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14
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

converts Wolffian ducts into male accessory structures

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15
Q

what are the male accessory structures?

A

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

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16
Q

what does dihydrotestosterone do?

A

it’s a byproduct of testosterone to differentiate external genitalia (more potent than testosterone)

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17
Q

in females, genital tubercle forms ___ while in males it turns into ___

A

clitoris; glans penis

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18
Q

external genitalia development driven by presence/absence of?

A

androgens (DHT)

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19
Q

urethral folds and grooves form ___ in F, ___ in M

A

labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra; shaft of penis

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20
Q

labioscrotal swellings form __ in F, __ in M

A

labia majora; shaft of penis and scrotum

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21
Q

defective gene for _____ causes no conversion of testosterone–>dihydrotestosterone, so appears F at birth

A

5a-reductase

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22
Q

how do ovum move?

A

beating of cilia, smooth muscle contraction

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23
Q

only flagellated cell in human body?

A

sperm

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24
Q

4 stages of gametogenesis:

A

1) mitosis of germ cells (46 chrom)
2) meiosis (92 chroms)
3) first meiotic div (46)
4) second meiotic div (23)

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25
Q

in F, germ cells known as ____

A

oogonia

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26
Q

mitosis and first stage of meiosis occurs by ___ month of development, resumes at ___

A

fifth; puberty

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27
Q

ovary does not undergo secondary div until ___

A

fertilized

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28
Q

secondary oocyte is referred to as:

A

egg

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29
Q

M germ cells are called:

A

spermatogonia

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30
Q

mitosis of spermatogonia only starts at ___

A

puberty

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31
Q

Why don’t polar bodies survive?

A

uneven div, polar bodies very small w/ very little cyto and few organelles

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32
Q

testosterone is converted to estradiol with this enzyme

A

aromatase

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33
Q

this hormone is produced in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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34
Q

2 gonadotropes?

A

follicle stim hormone, luteinizing hormone

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35
Q

this hormone has neg. feedback up to a point, but once reach higher [ ] have + feedback, drive GnRH/LH release

A

estrogen

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36
Q

inhibins and activins influence ____ release

A

FSH

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37
Q

neurons that influence GnRH

A

Kisspeptin

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38
Q

GnRH is released from hypothal in ___ fashion every ____hrs

A

pulsatile; 1-3

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39
Q

environmental estrogens found in:

A

soy products, plants as phytoestrogens

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40
Q

parts of penis

A

urethra, corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, glans, prepuce

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41
Q

removal of prepuce is called

A

circumcision

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42
Q

perks of circumcision?

A

better hygiene, lower cancer, STI, UTI, HIV risk

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43
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

failure of testes to descend into scrotum

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44
Q

prob in men over 50?

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy

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45
Q

___ involved in prostate development, _____ blocks urethra and shrinks prostate

A

DHT; 5a-reductase inhibitor (finasteride)

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46
Q

DHT is also involved in?

A

allopecia (blocked by propecia to prevent baldness)

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47
Q

coiled structure where maturity of sperm takes place

A

epididymis

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48
Q

testosterone produced here

A

Leydig cells

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49
Q

place of sperm production

A

seminiferous tubule

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50
Q

these cells regulate sperm development and are often referred to as “sustentacular cells”

A

sertoli cells

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51
Q

sertoli cells produce:

A

activin/inhibin, growth factors, androgen binding protein

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52
Q

complete meiosis one germ cell in F produce ___ gametes, __ gametes in M

A

1; 4

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53
Q

parts of sperm cells?

A

acrosome (form cap on nucleus), mid piece (lots of mito for energy)

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54
Q

FSH binds to receptors on ____ cells, causing production of _____

A

sertoli; paracrines, growth factors, ABP, inhibin

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55
Q

LH targets ____ cells, resulting in production of _____

A

interstitial Leydig; testosterone

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56
Q

sperm + secretions o accessory glands =

A

semen

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57
Q

what are the accessory glands?

A

seminal veseicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

58
Q

androgens are ____ hormones

A

anabolic

59
Q

cells that primarily regulate spermatogenesis?

A

Sertoli cells

60
Q

external female genitalia collectively referred to as:

A

vulva/pudendum

61
Q

female external genitalia include:

A

clitoris, labium minus/majus, urethral opening, vagina, hymen

62
Q

between vagina and uterus is ___

A

cervix

63
Q

what are 3 layers of uterus>

A

thin outer perimetrium, thick mid smooth muscle myometrium, endometrium inner layer

64
Q

function of fimbraie?

A

ensure eggs released from ovary enter fallopian tube

65
Q

parts of ovary?

A

outer cortex, central medulla (stroma)

66
Q

mature follicle is characterized by development of ___

A

antrum

67
Q

phases of ovarian cycle?

A

ollicular, ovulation, luteal

68
Q

ovarian cycle also called?

A

uterine cycle

69
Q

phases of uterine cycle?

A

menses, proliferative, secretory

70
Q

estrogen is dominant in this phase:

A

folllicular phase

71
Q

ovulation is triggered by ____

A

LH mostly (some FSH)

72
Q

progesterone is dominant in this phase:

A

luteal phase

73
Q

FSH acts on___ cells,LH on ___ cells

A

granulosa; thecal

74
Q

estrogen positive feedback on ___ cells, negative feedback in _____

A

granulosa; anterior pituitary

75
Q

cell death of most follicles is called:

A

atresia

76
Q

why is there surge in LH?

A

inhibin inhibits FSH (inhibin released by granulosa cells)

77
Q

thecal and granular cells turn into ____ cells

A

luteal

78
Q

corpus luteum has life span of ___ days, then apoptosis to become corpus ____

A

12; albicans

79
Q

during menstruation, about ____ mL blood, ___mL serous fluid/debris

A

40; 30

80
Q

4 phases of human sex response

A

1) excitement 2) plateau 3) orgasm 4) resolution

81
Q

erection in both sexes is state of _____

A

vasocongestion

82
Q

receptors for tactile stimuli are found in :

A

erogenous zones

83
Q

in erection reflex, acetylcholine acts on ___ cells to produce NO, then they diffuse into _____ cells and cause muscle ____

A

endothelial; smooth muscle; relaxation

84
Q

what is engorgement?

A

when cavernosal arteries dilate, veins compressed and comporal tissue swell, engorge corp tissue with blood

85
Q

emission is under ___ control, ejaculation is under ___ control

A

sympathetic; somatic

86
Q

erection and ejaculation can occur in absence of ____ stimulation

A

mechanical

87
Q

nonsexual erection occur in ___ sleep

A

REM

88
Q

erectile dysfunction can be early warning of signs of ____

A

cardiovasc disease

89
Q

how to treat ED?

A

sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors (viagra)

90
Q

how does sildenafil inhibit erectile dysfunction?

A

activates myosin light chain phosphatase and increases SR Ca reuptake

91
Q

drug used for female sexual dysfunction?

A

flibanserin (addyi)

92
Q

flibanserin decrease ___ and increase _____

A

serotonin; NE and dopamine

93
Q

what does bremelanotide do?

A

synthetic hormone that act on hypothal, target melanocortin receptor

94
Q

3 categories conraceptive practices?

A

abstinence, sterilization, interventional methods

95
Q

most effective sterilization methods for female?

A

tubal ligation

96
Q

most effective sterilization methods for males?

A

vasectomy (ligation, cauterization, clamping)

97
Q

barrier methods of 1916?

A

contraceptive jelly

98
Q

barrier method up until 1990s?

A

sea sponges soaked in vinegar

99
Q

implantation prevention techniques?

A

intrauterine devices and chems that change properties of endometrium

100
Q

why is IUD often wrapped in copper?

A

kill sperm, cause mild inflammatory rxn in endometrium to prevent implantation

101
Q

hormonal treatments to decrease gamete production in females?

A

birth control pills/injections/rings/patch/implant with combo of estrogen and progesterone

102
Q

male hormone contraceptives?

A

progestin/androgen combination

103
Q

male contraceptives in development?

A

RISUG/VasalGel, which is reversible inhibition of sperm, injection of polymer gel into vas deferens; vaccines that produce antibodies against eggs/sperm; small-molecule inhibition of BRDT

104
Q

reason for infertility?

A

usually sperm production (count, morphology, motility); infections; females producing sperm antibodies; retrograde ejaculation

105
Q

sperm count decrease associated with _____

A

varicocele (excess blood, raise body temp)

106
Q

condition where semen goes back into bladder instead of out, because urinary sphincter doesn’t contract properly (male)

A

retrograde ejaculation

107
Q

examples of infections that cause infertility?

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, prostatitis, mumps

108
Q

reasons for female infertility?

A

ovulation disorders, damaged fallopian tubes, endometriosis, uterine/cervical disorders

109
Q

condition characterized by ^ androgens and formation of cystic follicles

A

PCOS

110
Q

example of cervical disorder?

A

cervical stenosis (narrowing of cervix)

111
Q

reasons for damaged fallopian tubes

,

A

STIs, surgery, pelvic tuberculosis

112
Q

polyps exist in ___ lining, fibroids in ___ lining

A

endometrial; myometrial

113
Q

how does in vitro fertilization work?

A

1) woman given hormone treatments stim egg production 2) multiple eggs taken from woman’s ovaries 3) eggs mixed with sperm cells in culture dish 4) fertilized eggs placed in incubator 5) embryos implanted in woman’s uterus or frozen for future implanting

114
Q

types of artificial insemination?

A

intravaginal insemination, intracervical insemination, intrauterine insemination

115
Q

what is capacitation?

A

sperm sheds surface molecules to allow them to swim fast and penetrate an egg

116
Q

egg is viable to be fertilized for ____ hours post ovulation, sperm remain viable in female repro tract for ___ days

A

12-24; 5-6

117
Q

of millions sperm that are deposited, about ____ reach the fallopian tubes

A

100

118
Q

sperm need to penetrate loosely connected __ cells and ____ layer by secreting enzymes from their ___

A

granulosa; zona pellucida; acrosomes

119
Q

steps of fertilization?

A

1) plasma mems fuse 2) cortical reaction 3) sperm nucleus move into cyto of egg 4) oocyte nucleus complete meiosis 5) sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form zygote

120
Q

why is cortical reaction important?

A

prevent polyspermy (don’t get fertilized by multiple sperm)

121
Q

implantation in endometrium happens ___ days after fertilization

A

7

122
Q

fertilized egg by day 4-5 is called:

A

blastocyst (100 cells)

123
Q

how does blastocyst burrow into uterine wall?

A

secretes enzyme

124
Q

blastocyst has ___ which becomes embryo and other extraembryonic membranes; outer cell layer forms a membrane called ___ that forms the placenta

A

inner cell mass; chorion

125
Q

this becomes part of umbilical cord

A

allantois

126
Q

this secretes amniotic fluid

A

amnion

127
Q

placenta grow to about __cm and receive ___% maternal CO

A

20; 10

128
Q

corpus luteum has ____ day life cycle

A

12

129
Q

how to prevent corpus luteum from degenerate?

A

embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (similar to LH), and continues progesterone secretion

130
Q

hCG stim ___ production in developing testes in male fetus

A

testosterone

131
Q

hormone used to detect pregnancy in pregnancy test

A

hCG

132
Q

this hormone develops milk secreting ducts in breasts

A

estrogen

133
Q

similar to growth hormone, this hormone alters mother’s gluc and f.a. metabolism to support fetal growth; can cause insulin insensitivity (gestational diabetes)

A

human placental lactogen

134
Q

the birth process is referred to as:

A

parturition

135
Q

rhythmic contractions of uterus is called:

A

labour

136
Q

theories about initiation of labour?

A

oxytocin or placenta releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (more likely)

137
Q

hormone used to induce labour

A

oxytocin

138
Q

during puberty, ___ stim growth of milk ducts; during pregnancy, further develop due to _____; final development depend on ____

A

estrogen; estro, GH, cortisol; progesterone

139
Q

milk production controlled by ____ , which is controlled by _____

A

prolactin; prolactin inhibitory hormone

140
Q

_____ causes milk ejection

A

oxytocin

Phys 208 (10 decks)

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