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Phys 208 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

blood–>cells for ____, cells–>blood for ___

A

nutrients; waste

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2
Q

primary roles of circ sys:

A

distribute dissolved gases/cules for nutrition, growth/repair, remove cell waste

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3
Q

secondary roles:

A

fast chem signalling (horones, neurotrans), dissipate heat, mediate defence response

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4
Q

3 basic functional parts of circ sys?

A

heart, blood, vessels

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5
Q

smallest vessels where transport takes place

A

capillaries

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6
Q

layer of muscle separating left and right atrium/vesicle

A

septum

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7
Q

why is pressure lost when blood flow thru vessels?

A

friction

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8
Q

flowing component=___energy, hydrostatic component=__energy

A

kinetic; potential

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9
Q

flow of blood in tube is directly proportional to _____

A

pressure gradient (NOT absolute pressure)

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10
Q

flow is inversely proportional to___

A

resistance

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11
Q

what parameters determine resistance?

A

radius, length, viscosity (Poiseuille’s eqution)

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12
Q

flow rate/cross sectional area=

A

velocity (more rapid in narrow section)

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13
Q

db wall sac fill with thin layer clear fluid

A

pericardium (parietal and visceral)

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14
Q

RA–>RV is ___ valve

A

tricuspid

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15
Q

LA-LV is __ valve

A

mitral

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16
Q

ventricle–>outflow artery is ___ valve

A

semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) –>no connective tendons

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17
Q

AV valves need ____

A

chordae tendonae

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18
Q

___ cells gen. AP spontaneously

A

autorhythmic

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19
Q

depolarize begin in ____ node

A

SA

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20
Q

AP originating from SA node initiate ____

A

excitation contraction coupling

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21
Q

___ channels responsible for speed of AP gen

A

HCN

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22
Q

____ conducts AP from SA pacemaker into left atrium to cause contraction

A

Backman’s bundle

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23
Q

conduction pathway>

A

SA node–>AV node–>bundle of His–>bundle branches–>purkinje fibres

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24
Q

which ventricle depolarize first?

A

left

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25
Q

these recordings show summed electric activity gen by all cells of heart

A

ECG

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26
Q

P wave correspond to:

A

atrial depolarize

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27
Q

PG/PR correspond to:

A

conduction through AV node and bundle, atrial contraction

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28
Q

Q wave correspond to depolarization of:

A

septum

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29
Q

R wave correspond to:

A

depolarization of ventricular wall

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30
Q

S wave correspond to:

A

complete depolarization of ventricle

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31
Q

S-T correspond to:

A

ventricle contract

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32
Q

T wave correspond to:

A

ventricular repolarization

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33
Q

^ HR called ___, v called ___

A

tachycardia; bradychardia

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34
Q

prmature ventricular contractions caused by :

A

purkinje fibres randomly kick in as pacemaker cuz of lack of O2

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35
Q

condition of inherited channelopathy causing delayed repolarization of ventricles

A

Long QT syndrome

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36
Q

5 phases of cardiac cycle:`

A

1) diastole 2) atrial systole 3) isovolumetric ventricular contraction 4) ventricular ejection 5) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

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37
Q

contraction of atria contribute ___% blood in ventricles

A

20

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38
Q

pressure in ventricle > ___mmHg cause rapid ejection

A

80

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39
Q

max vol in ventricle is ____, min. amount is ___

A

EDV; ESV

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40
Q

amount of blood ejected

A

stroke vol

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41
Q

stroke vol =

A

EDV-ESV

42
Q

CO =

A

HR x stroke vol

43
Q

CO is about ___L/min in normal person

A

5

44
Q

2 factors influence amt force gen by cardio muscle

A

1) contractility of heart (Ca) 2) length of muscle fibres at beginning of contract (EDV)

45
Q

name of chem that affects contractility:

A

inotropic agent

46
Q

symp mod of contraction:

A

1) phosphorylate Ca channels 2) phosphorylate RyR (^ sensitivity, ^ release Ca from SR) 3) sensitize troponin C to calcium , phosphoylate myosin 4) phosphoyrlate SERCA (^ Ca reuptake)

47
Q

organic cules from certain plants that inhibit Na-K ATPase, ^ contractility

A

cardiac glycosides

48
Q

how does sarcomere length affect stroke volume?

A

1) ^ length ^ Ca sensitivity, v diameter (less diffusion distance)
2) additional tension on stretch activated Ca channels

49
Q

degree of myocardial stretch before contraction:

A

preload

50
Q

according to _____, SV ^ w/ ^ diastolic volume (venous return) –>stretch of walls

A

Frak starling law of heart

51
Q

factors affecting venous return:

A

skeletal muscle pump ^, resp pump (inspiration), symp constrict of veins

52
Q

end load against which heart contracts to eject blood

A

afterload (EDV plus pressure in outflow artery)

53
Q

an indirect indicator of afterload:

A

arterial BP

54
Q

EF (ejection fraction)=

A

SV/EDV

55
Q

xchange tween blood and cells takes plac eonly in ____

A

capillaries

56
Q

progressive branching of vessels:

A

aorta–>arteries–>arterioles–>capillaries–>venules–>veins–>vena cava; pulmonary trunk–>pulmonary arteries –>arterioles–>cap–>venules–>veins–>pulmonary veins

57
Q

endothelial cells secrete__

A

paracrines

58
Q

“pressure reservoir”

A

arteries

59
Q

microcirculation consists of:

A

arterioles, cap, venules

60
Q

capillary bypass vessels (for WBC)

A

metarterioles

61
Q

have single thin endothelial layer surrounded by basal lamina

A

capillaries

62
Q

capillaries often found surrounded by _____

A

pericytes (BBB, contractile cells for communication)

63
Q

3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous, fenestrated (kidney, GI), discontinuous (lack basal mem, liver and spleen)

64
Q

larger volume, thinner walls, less elastic than arteries

A

veins (volume reservoir)

65
Q

formation of new blood vessels called:

A

angiogenesis

66
Q

angiogenic growth factors referred to as:

A

mitogens

67
Q

once can bring O2 and nutrients to itself, move and spread, that’s when tumor is ___

A

malignant

68
Q

diff between systolic and diastolic pressure known as:

A

pulse pressure

69
Q

why is MAP not simply avg of sys and dia pressures?

A

cuz not = amt time spent in each

70
Q

sounds created by pulsatile blood flow thry compressed artery

A

korotkoff

71
Q

MAP is function of:

A

CO x R

72
Q

small changes in blood vol primarily resolved by:

A

kidneys (slow, long term)

73
Q

3 factors that influence arteriole resistance?

A

1) local control (myo, para) 2) symp reflex 3) hormones

74
Q

capillaries are arranged in ___ to lower aggregate resistance

A

parallel

75
Q

vasc smth muscle ability reg ownn state of contraction called _____

A

myogenic autoregulation (^ BP cause constrict)

76
Q

arterioles contain variety of _____ channels

A

stretch activated TRP

77
Q

_____ matches blood flow to ^ metabolism

A

active hyperemia

78
Q

_____ follows period of v blood flow

A

reactive hyperemia

79
Q

main determinant of R in arterioles is :

A

symp control (a adrenergic) –>norepinephrine cause vaso constriction with alpha and epinephrine vasodilation with beta

80
Q

reg of cardio function in ____ in medulla oblongata

A

CVCC

81
Q

primary reflex path for homeostatic control of MAP

A

baroreceptor reflex (carotid, aorta)

82
Q

hypothal is capable alter cardio function in response to emotional stress, called:

A

vasovagal syncope (parasymp v in HR)

83
Q

capillary xchange occur thru ___ or ____

A

diffusion ; transcytosis

84
Q

bulk flow of fluid–>capillaries is called ___

A

absorption

85
Q

bulk flow fluid out of capillaries called ___

A

filtration

86
Q

P in blood vessels drive fluid out of capillaries called :

A

hydrostatic pressure

87
Q

pressure draw fluid into caps (created by plasma proteins) called:

A

colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure

88
Q

overall there is net ___ from capillary network and a loss of ___L fluid/day

A

filtration; 3

89
Q

net pressure =

A

hydrostatic pressure-colloid osmotic P (positve=filtration, neg=absorption)

90
Q

PH / pi =

A

difference between capillary and interstitial space

91
Q

lymph system has ___ which contain immune cells

A

nodes

92
Q

potent vasodilator

A

adenosine

93
Q

abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial space

A

edema

94
Q

why edema happpen?

A

1) inadequate lymph drainage

2) disrupt normal balance between cap filtration/absorption

95
Q

if clot blocks blood flow to heart, ____ ensues

A

myocardial infarction

96
Q

why myocardial infarction happen

A

lack O2–>ATP v–>Ca accumulate in cyto–>close gap junctions, electrically isolate damaged cells–>arrhytmia

97
Q

hypertension doubles for each ____mmHg ^ BP

A

20/10

98
Q

90% hypertensive patients have ___ hypertension

A

primary (genetics, ^ peripheral R, lack NO)

99
Q

5-10% hypertensive cases is ___

A

secondary (endocrine disorder)

100
Q

effects of hypertension?

A

baroreceptors adapt to high P, down regulate activity; promote plaque activity; ^ afterload; hypertrophy (can’t meet work load and fail)

101
Q

hypertensive treatments

A

Ca channel block (L type), diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone )

Phys 208 (10 decks)

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