Respiratory Flashcards
Factors to pay particular attention to when localizing respiratory disease
- nasal discharge
- audible sounds other than cough
- cough
- auscultation
- breathing pattern
Stertor helps localize to where
upper airways-particularly pharynx
Stridor helps localize to where?
upper airways, particularly larynx
Vocal changes suggest localization to where?
larynx
Reverse sneezing helps localize disease to where?
upper airways-particularly nasopharynx/pharynx
Normal breathing rates at home and in exam room
at home: 12-18
in exam room: <30
Relatively slow rate for the degree of effort of breathing indicates:
large airway obstruction
Relatively fast rate (>50) indicates what in terms of trying to localize respiratory disease?
pulmonary parenchymal or pleural disease
More difficulty on inspiration + slow rate —> ?
extrathoracic obstruction
More difficulty on inspiration + fast rate –> ?
restrictive disease (loss of compliance, pleural space disease)
More difficulty during expiration –> ?
- intrathroacic obstruction
- intrathoracic large airway obstruction
- small airways (obstructive lung disease)
What are factors to evaluate to help determine the severity of respiratory compromise?
- effort (i.e. open mouth breathing in cats = marked compromise)
- exercise intolerance
- MM color
Compare and contrast how obstructive and restrictive disease may present
Obstructive: rapid rate, increased effort during expiration (listen for wheezes)
Restrictive: rapid rate, relatively increased during inspiration + expiration
What type of presentation is typical of pleural disease?
- decreased sounds on auscultation
- non-localizing signs
- exercise intolerance (i.e. tachypnea, relatively increased effort on inspiration)
Describe how a bronchial pattern looks
- Thickened airways look like railroad tracks or doughnuts
- Bronchiectatic airways are dilated without normal taper
What is an air bronchogram? What pattern does is it seen with?
- stripes without walls
- occurs with alveolar pattern
What causes an alveolar pattern?
overflow of fluid/exudate from the interstitium or airways into the alveoli
Describe a reticular pattern
- ill-defined density
- loss of detail of normal structures
- if mild, may be “normal” aging change
- can be early stage of alveolar or nodular
Types of interstitial patterns
- reticular
- nodular
- reticulonodular
- mass
What does a consolidated lung lobe indicated?
advanced interstitial or alveolar disease
- lung lobe torsion
- neoplasia
- severe, localized bacterial pneumonia
- granuloma
Which lung lobes are “gravity-dependent?”
the L and R cranial lobes and the right middle lobe
What is the purpose of thoracic radiographs for assessing respiratory disease?
- support history and PE findings
- furthur localization within lower respiratory tract
- assessment of severity of disease
- not assoc. with pulmonary function
- assessment of progress
Name four systemic fungal infections that can be detected by serology, and whether antibody or antigen is detected for each
- Blastomycosis: antibody
- Histoplasmosis: antibody
- Coccidioidomycosis: antibody
- crypococcosis: antigen
Besides systemic fungal infections, serolgy is useful to detect what else?
- heartworm
- need antigen and Ab test in cats
- toxoplasmosis (Ab)
- canine influenza (Ab)