ECG

Question 1

Three reasons for no P wave for every QRS

Answer 1

• Atrial fibrillation (rhythm will be irregular)
• Junctional or ventricular premature beat
• Junctional or ventricular escape beat/rhythm

Question 2

Tall P waves suggest what?

Answer 2

RA enlargement

(P-pulmonale)

Question 3

Wide P waves suggest what?

Answer 3

LA enlargement (P-mitrale)

Question 4

The PR interval represents what?

Answer 4

conduction through the AV node

Question 5

Normal PR interval is how long?

Answer 5

up to 0.13 seconds

Question 6

How do you see first degree AV block on an ECG?

Answer 6

Prolonged PR interval; every QRS complex has a P wave, but conduction is slower

Question 7

More and more prolonged PR intervals with an eventual dropped QRS complex is indicative of what condition?

Answer 7

second degree AV block

Question 8

Tall R waves suggest what?

Answer 8

LV enlargement

Question 9

Deep S waves suggest what?

Answer 9

RV enlargement

Question 10

What does this ECG show?

Answer 10

bundle branch block (right)

Question 11

What does this ECG show?

Answer 11

ventricular tachycardia

Question 12

T wave represents what?

Answer 12

ventricular repolarization

Question 13

What ECG abnormality would you see with hyperkalemia?

Answer 13

tall, tented T waves

Question 14

How tall is a normal T wave?

Answer 14

<25% of the R wave height

Question 15

Deviated ST segment would occur with what?

Answer 15

ischemia

Question 16

How long is a normal QT interval

Answer 16

up to 0.36 seconds

Question 17

What does this ECG show?

Answer 17

Sinus

Question 18

What does this ECG show?

Answer 18

Respiratory sinus arrythmia

Question 19

What does this ECG show?

Answer 19

Atrial fibrillation

Question 20

ECG characteristics of atrial fibrillation

Answer 20

• no visible P waves (f waves)
• irregular and often rapid heart rate
• supraventricular (narrow, upright QRS)

Question 21

Hemodynamic consequences of atrial fibrillation

Answer 21

decreased SV and CO

Question 22

What drugs are used for rate control with atrial fibrillation?

Answer 22

• Diltiazem-calcium channel blocker-slows conduction through AV node
• Digoxin-positive inotrope and increases vagal tone, which slows AV node conduction
• Beta-blockers

*combo of diltiazem and digoxin most effective

Question 23

What does this ECG show?

Answer 23

Supraventricular tachycardia

Question 24

What does this ECG show?

Answer 24

first degree AV block

Question 25

Treatment for SVT

Answer 25

• vagal maneuvers
• diltiazem
• lidocaine-some dogs have SVT due to a remnant of myocardial tissue

Question 26

What does this ECG show?

Answer 26

second degree AV block-Mobitz I

Question 27

Drug that will ablate vagal tone

Answer 27

atropine

Question 28

What does this ECG show?

Answer 28

Second degree AV block-Mobitz II

Question 29

Most dogs with sick sinus sydrome present for what problem?

Answer 29

fainting

Question 30

What are treatment options for sick sinus syndrome? (only treat if symptomatic)

Answer 30

• Speed up HR
  
  • Methylxanthine (theophylline)
  • Anticholinergics (propatheline, hyoscyamine)
• Artificial pacemaker

Question 31

Prognosis for sick sinus syndrome?

Answer 31

• low/no risk of sudden death-unless challenged (e.g. anesthetized)

Question 32

1 NON-CARDIAC cause of left sided VPCs

Answer 32

splenic masses

Question 33

Alternating R wave amplitude is very suggestive of what?

Answer 33

Pericardial effusion