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Physiology > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

External respiration

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and tissues

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2
Q

Internal respiration

A

oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

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3
Q

4 processes of external respiration

A

ventilation (lungs)
diffusion across alveolocapillary membrane
transport in blood of 02 and Co2
diffusion of gases at tissue level

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4
Q

progressive branching of the airway is referred to by____ ____

A

generation number

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5
Q

how many generations are in large animals, humans , and mice

A

23 humans, 10 mice, more than 40 in large animals

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6
Q

what is the different between bronchi and bronchioles

A

bronchi has cartilage and bronchioles do

cartilage keep airway open (stops collapsing)

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7
Q

Alveoli start to bud off at respiratory bronchioles which is what generation

A

generation 17

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8
Q

sites of gas exchange

A

alveolus

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9
Q

upper respiratory tract contains what type of epithelium

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium, cilia and has goblet cells that secretes mucus

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10
Q

bronchioles contain what epithelium

A

cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

alveoli contain 2 types of pneumocytes

A 
type 1- most abundant, squamous
type 2 (surfactant producing) cuboidal
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12
Q

density of alveoli increases with generation number and alveolar ducts finally terminate as

A

blind alveolar sacs

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13
Q

the aggregation of airways arising from a terminal bronchiole and associate blood and lymphatic vessels is the

A

terminal respiratory unit

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14
Q

respiratory membrane consists of :

how rbc travels to capillary to exchange co2 and o2

A

alv. epithelium with surfactant
alv. basement membrane
interstitial space
capillary endothelial basement membrane
capillary endothelium

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15
Q

pressures affecting ventilation include:

A 
pb= barometric (atmospheric)presure
pA = alveolar pressure 
pIP= intrapleural pressure
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16
Q

during inspiration, pIP and pA increase or decrease

A

decreases

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17
Q

during expiration , pIP and PA increase or decrease

A

increase

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18
Q

the primary muscles of inspiration are

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

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19
Q

in forced inhalation, secondary muscles work.. what are these

A

scalenus, sternocleidomastoids, neck and back muscles

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20
Q

primary muscle of expiration

A

there is none

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21
Q

secondary muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

work when you are exercising or asthma

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22
Q

pIP is greater than pB in inspiration or expiration?

A

expiration

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23
Q

horse normal respiration rate

A

8-16

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24
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity abolishing negative pressure.. leads to collapse of lungs. breathing activity will not be able to stretch (fill) lungs

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25
Q

what is the exception of pneumothorax in horses

A

it is unilateral because the left and right pleural cavities are not completely separate so it will spread to the opposite side it effects which makes it more serious because both lungs are affected.

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26
Q

lung volumes are measured using

A

spirometry

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27
Q

lung pressure differences are measured using

A

plethysmographs

28
Q

TV

A

tidal volume – volume of each breath

29
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity— some of all 4 volumes

30
Q

IRV

A

(inspiratory reserve volume)additional air that could be further inhaled with maximum effort after quiet inhalation

31
Q

ERV

A

(expiratory reserve volume ) additional air that could be exhaled with maximum effort after quiet exhalation

32
Q

RV

A

residual volume – air left in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort

33
Q

FRC

when some air stays in lungs after normal exhalation

A

functional residual capacity

RV+ERV

34
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity

TV+IRV

35
Q

VC

A

vital capacity

IRV+TV+ERV; VC is the maximum achievable TV

36
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second.. should be 80 % of VC in healthy adult young human

37
Q

poorly perfused alveoli, limited or no exchange

A

alveolar dead space

38
Q

conductive airways, from nares to terminal bronchioles

A

anatomic dead space

39
Q

anatomic + alveolar dead space

A

physiologic dead space

40
Q

a respiratory response to heat stress include:

A

increased DC ventilation, small TV, evaporation, heat loss

41
Q

a respiratory response to cold stress includes:

A

decreased DC ventilation, increase alveolar ventilation (increase TV)

42
Q

the fraction of each breath ventilating the dead- space is known as

A

DV/TV; dead-space/tidal volume ration

43
Q

What is the DV/TV in dogs

A

30%

44
Q

What is the DV/TV in cattle, horse

A

50-75%

45
Q

What is laryngeal hemiplegia

A

this is in horses. when the abductor muscles on the left side of the larynx fail to contract during inhalation. during exercise horses exhibit a “roaring” sound

46
Q

at FRC if the thorax is opened and the lungs are exposed to atmospheric pressure, the lungs collapse to their minimal volume. what causes this

A

elastic and collagen fibers

surface tension forces

47
Q

a measurement of the force acting to pull liquid’s surface molecules together at an air-liquid interface

A

surface tension

48
Q

pulmonary surfactant has three major effects

A

reduces surface tension
reduces fluid accumulation in the alveoli
keep alveolar size uniform during respiratory cycle

49
Q

DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidycholine)

A

most abundant lipid component of pulmonary surfactant.. responsible or surface tension reduction

50
Q

atelectasis

A

lung collapse

more common in newborn than in adults

51
Q

upper respiratory tract (nose-tracheobronchial tree) is responsible for appx ___ % of frictional resistance to breathing

A

60

52
Q

airway length changes minimally but ___ can be altered by several forces

A

radius

53
Q

the PNS supplies airway smooth muscle through the __ ___

A

vagus nerve

54
Q

Activation of the parasympathetic NS causes the release of _____ which binds to ___ receptors leading to muscle contraction which is known as _______.

A

acetylcholine
muscarinic
bronchoconstriction

55
Q

When irritating materials such as dusts are inhaled, tracheobronchial ___ receptors are stimulated. This activates the parasympathetic NS, resulting in _________.

A

irritant

reflexbronchoconstriction

56
Q

mediators of inflammation include

A

histamine and leukotrine

released from mast cells in an allergic reaction

57
Q

these inflammatory mediators are responsible for what in horses and cats

A

heaves/COPD in horses

asthma in cats

58
Q

Activation of the sympathetic NS relaxes the smooth muscle during activation of ____ ___receptors by circulating ____ released from the adrenal medulla.

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptos
catecholamines
NE also does the same but to a lesser extent

59
Q

in the the nonadrenergic noncholinergic system what is the neurotransmitter

A

nitric oxide

inhibitory to skeletal muscles

60
Q

the pressure within the airways is ___ during inhalation

A

subatmospheric

61
Q

Dynamic compression of ___ airways can occur during forced exhalation

A

inthrathoracic , pL exceeds pA

example: coughing

62
Q

the connective tissue septa prevent collateral ventilation .. what is this

A

movement of air between adjacent lobules

63
Q

animals that have no separation between lung lobules

A

cats and dogs

64
Q

partial separation of lung lobules

A

horses and sheep

65
Q

complete separation of lung lobules

A

cattle, pigs (more dangerous than dogs)

Physiology (9 decks)

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