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Physiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Define pleura.

A

Each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans.

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2
Q

Name the lobes of the lungs.

A 
Right superior
Right middle
Right inferior
Left superior
Left inferior
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3
Q

What is the function of the nose?

A

Aided by hair, mucous and increased surface area (Conchae) the
nose filters and moisturises inhaled air

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4
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Conduit for air (and food). Channels mucous from the nose, aids in
moistening and filtering inhaled air

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5
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Main conduit for air, (filters and moistens air)

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6
Q

What is the function of the bronchi?

A

Medium size conduit, channels air in the lung, regulates airflow by
regulating diameter

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7
Q

What is the function of the bronchioles?

A

Small conduits, terminal ends form initial respiratory surfaces

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8
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Gaseous exchange chambers, also remove foreign bodies from ai

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9
Q

Define residual volume.

A

The volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forcible expiration possible.

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10
Q

Define inspiratory reserve.

A

Is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.

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11
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

Is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied.

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12
Q

Define expiratory reserve.

A

Is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.

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13
Q

Define inspiratory capacity.

A

he total amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after normal expiration

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14
Q

Define vital capacity.

A

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

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15
Q

Define Peak Expiatory Flow, PEF.

A

Is a person’s maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter. (L/min)

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16
Q

Define Forced Vital Capacity, FVC.

A 
The total volume of air forced out after a
full inspiration (Litres)
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17
Q

Define Forced Expiratory Volume, FEV 1.

A

This is the forced expiratory volume at

he end of 1 second (litres)

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18
Q

What is the Tiffeneau index?

A

The FEV1/FVC ratio, also called Tiffeneau-Pinelli index, is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease. It represents the proportion of a person’s vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of expiration.

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19
Q

What is a normal Tiffeneau index number?

A

Normally 80%

20
Q

Where in the lungs is a ventilation/perfusion mismatch?

A

Top of the lungs: Well ventilated areas due to the least resistance to air flow.
Bottom of the lungs: Well perfused areas as gravity assisted with blood flow.

21
Q

Give an example of a drug that acts on the beta 2 receptors.

A

Salbutamol

22
Q

Give an example of a drug that acts on the muscarinic 2 receptors.

A

Ipratropium bromide (atrovent)

23
Q

What affect does SNS have on the lungs?

A

Dilates bronchi

24
Q

What affect does PNS have on the lungs?

A

Constricts bronchi

25
Q

Define cilia.

A

Small hairs that aid in removal of small particles from the airway.

26
Q

What is the purpose of psuedo-stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Acts as a barrier

27
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

They produce and secrete mucous. Mucous helps to trap particles and bacteria.

28
Q

What are alveolar type I cells?

A

Gas exchange - their main role is to provide a barrier of minimal thickness that is readily permeable to gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

29
Q

What are alveolar type II cells?

A

Secrete surfactant.

Scavanging debris & particles

30
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Is a lipoprotein that helps reduce the surface tension.

31
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate?

A

12-20 per minute

32
Q

What are the layers of the respiratory system?

A

Outer leayer - which has decreasing amounts of cartilage
Middle muscular layer
Epithelial layer - that may contain goblet cells

33
Q

What receptors are found in the lungs?

A

SNS - Beta 2

PNS - Muscarinic 3

34
Q

Where are clilia found?

A

In the trachea & primary bronchi

35
Q

Name the anatomy of the windpipe.

A 
Nasal Cavity
Trachea
Primary bronchi
bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolus
36
Q

How do respiratory bronchioles differ from the rest of the bronchioles?

A

They develop small alveoli so begin to have the anatomy of the respiratory surface of the lung.

37
Q

What occurs to the muscles during inhalataion?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, expanding the thoracic cavity.

38
Q

What occurs to muscles during exhalation?

A

As this is a passive process, the intercostal and diaphragm are relaxed.

39
Q

Define functional residual capacity.

A

Is the expiatory reserve volume and residual volume.

40
Q

Define total lung capacity.

A

Combination of all the respiratory lung volumes.

41
Q

What drives gaseous exchange?

A

Gaseous exchange can occur due to differences in partial pressure as opposed to concentration gradient.

42
Q

What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs?

A

alveoli - 100 mmHg pO2
- 40mmHg pCO2
capillary - 40mmHg pO2
45mmHg pCO2

43
Q

Define internal respiration.

A

Is the exchange of gases between the blood and cells

44
Q

Define external respiration.

A

Is the exchange of gases between alveoli and the capillary.

45
Q

What stimulates involuntary breathing?

A

CO2 levels are recognised by the medulla oblongata (this switches to oxygen levels in COPD)
Exercise
Pain

46
Q

How is voluntary respiration controlled?

A

Via the cerebral cortex & limbic system, it is driven by emotions such as fear & anger

Physiology (12 decks)

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