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Physiology > Nerves & ANS System > Flashcards

Nerves & ANS System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the important anatomical structures of a nerve cell.

A 
Nucleus
Dendrites
Axon
Schwann's cells
Myelin sheath
Node of ranvier
Axon terminals
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2
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

They are processes projecting from the cell body. They collect information from other nerves.

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3
Q

What is the role of the axon terminals?

A

They are a tubular structure at one end of the cell body that conveys electrical impulses from the nerve body to another nerve or cell.

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4
Q

What is the role of Schwann’s cells?

A

They secrete myelin. They insulate the nerve as they are fat cells…

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5
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

They are unmyelinated portions of the axon which enable action potentials to jump node to node effectively increasing the conduction speed.

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6
Q

Which ions enter and leave then cell in order to create an action potential?

A

There is a sodium influx which encourages a calcium influx to fully depolarise the cell. Then there is a potassium efflux causing the cell to repolarise.

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7
Q

How do nerves communicate with other nerve cells and organs?

A

Neuro-transmitters are released by the presynaptic nerve and bind to the post synatic nerve/organ via a receptor. This is how the communication crosses the synapse.

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8
Q

Give examples of neurotransmitters.

A 
Nor-adrenaline
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Melatonin
Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
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9
Q

What are the central components of the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Spinal Cord

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10
Q

What are the peripheral components of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic Nerves

Parasympathetic Nerves

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11
Q

What are the functions of the ANS?

A
  • Mediate neuro-humoral regulation of internal environment
  • Control over muscles (smooth & heart) and glands
  • Prepare body for normal and life threatening stress
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12
Q

What is the origina of the SNS nerve distribution?

A

T1-L?

Thoraco-lumbar plexus

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13
Q

What is the function of the SNS?

A
  • Fight or flight stress response
  • Enhances physical and mental activity
  • Shuts down relaxation (digestion)
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14
Q

Name forms of stress that would induce the SNS.

A
  • Low BP
  • Low oxygen (very important)
  • Increased temperature, Pyrexia
  • Mental stress
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15
Q

What are the receptors of the SNS?

A

Alpa 1 & 2

Beta 1, 2 & 3

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16
Q

How does the SNS affect the heart?

A
  • Affects HR by increasing the SA node firing rate and increasing the AV node conduction velocity.
  • Increases contractility (positive inotropism)
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17
Q

Which receptors have an equal affinity to adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Beta 1

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18
Q

Which receptors does adrenaline have a higher affinity to?

A

Beta 2

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19
Q

Which receptors does noradrenaline have an affinity for?

A

Alpha 1 & 2

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20
Q

What are the effects of SNS on blood vessels?

A

Beta 2
Vascular smooth muscle relaxation causing vasodilation

Alpha 1
Vascular smooth muscle contraction causes vasoconstriction

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21
Q

What receptors do beta blockers work on?

A

They block beta 1 receptors.

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22
Q

What conditions are beta blockers used in?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Heart Failure
Arrhythmias

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23
Q

What are the effects of Beta Blockers?

A

Reduce Heart Rate

Reduce Contractility

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24
Q

What contidions are beta agonists used in?

A

Hypotension

Bradycardia

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25
Q

What is hydralazine and when is it used?

A

It is an alpha 1-receptor blocker and is used in severe hypertension to stop alpha-1 mediated vasoconstriction.

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26
Q

What effect does the SNS have on the lungs?

A

Cause bronchodilation by relaxing the bronchiolar smooth muscle via a beta-2 effect.

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27
Q

What is salbutamol and when is it used?

A

It is a beta-2 agonist used in Asthma to mimic the effect of adrenaline on bronchiolar beta-2 receptors to cause bronchodilation

28
Q

What effect does the SNS have on the kidneys and adrenals?

A
  • Reduces urine formation
  • Increases the secretion of adrenaline 80%
  • Increases the secretion of noradrenaline 20%
29
Q

What are the adverse effects of beta Antagonists, beta-blockers?

A 
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Depression
Impotence
Broncho-constriction
May elevate blood glucose levels
30
Q

What are the adverse effects of beta agonist Salbutamol?

A

Tachycardia
Anxiety
Problems with micturition

31
Q

What are the adverse effects of alpha agonists?

A

Increase HR
GIT tract disturbances
Uriniary Retention
Anxiety

32
Q

What is the nerve origin of the PNS?

A

Cranio-Sacral plexus

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 (vagal nerve)

33
Q

What are the functions of the PNS?

A
  • Reduces energy production
  • Increases energy storage
  • Increases digestion
  • Increases urine formation and micturition
  • Decreases alertness
34
Q

What are the receptors of the PSNS?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

35
Q

What type of receptors are nicotinic and where are they found?

A

They are short acting excitatory receptors found largely in skeletal muscle and the CNS

36
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic and where are they found?

A

There are 5 subtypes of receptor M1-5. They are largely found in the viscera/ organs and CNS

37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the PSNS?

A

Acetylcholine

38
Q

What effects does the PSNS have on the heart?

A

Affects the heart rate by reducing the SA node firing rate thus reducing AV node conduction velocity.

39
Q

Which receptor for the PSNS is found in the heart?

A

M-2

40
Q

What effect does the PSNS have on the GIT?

A
  • Increases saliva production
  • Increases peristalsis
  • Increases secretion of gastric juices
41
Q

What effect does the PSNS have on the lungs?

A

PSNS acts on the M-3 to cause bronchoconstriction by contracting the bronchiolar smooth muscle.

42
Q

What effect does the PSNS have on micturition?

A

Contract detrusor muscle

43
Q

What are examples of anti-muscarinic drugs and their uses?

A

Oxitropium Bromide - Inhibits muscarinic bronchiola smooth muscle constriction
Oxybutynin - Reduces detrusor muscle contractility therefore reduces urinary incontinence

44
Q

Name some adverse effects of anticholinergics.

A 
Dry mouth
Headache
Abdo pain
Constipation
Urinary retention
Digestion Problems
45
Q

Define polarised cell.

A

An excitable cell (nerve or muscle) that is resting. The inside of the cell’s membrane is neagtively charged.

46
Q

Define depolarised cell.

A

Is an excitable cell that is activated to function which is either conduction in nerve cells or contraction in muscle cells. The inside of the cell’s membrane is relatively positively charged.

47
Q

Define repolarisation.

A

This is the process of the cell going from depolarised back to polarised via passive ion movement to change the membrane polarity.

48
Q

Define action potential.

A

It is the process/ cycle of the cell moving from resting to activated and back to resting.

49
Q

How does the cycle of an action potential go?

A
  • First sodium ion channels are opened
  • This begins to turn the negatively charged cell positive
  • Calcium ions channels now start to open
  • Cells fully depolarises causing nerve to conduct
  • Cell returns to resting state via passive movement of potassium out of the cell
50
Q

What does polarised cell mean?

A

Cell in resting in a state.

51
Q

What is the best way to stop an action potential?

A

Sodium channel blocker

52
Q

Define saltatory conduction.

A

Occurs in myelinated nerves where the electrical pulse jumps from the nodes of ranvier. It is rapid and much faster than nerve conduction in non-myelinated cells as depolarisation is faster.

53
Q

Define synapse

A

Interaction between two nerves

54
Q

Define neurotransmitters

A

Substances released by nerve ending to communication to other nerves or muscles

55
Q

What are the consequences of general receptors on the ANS?

A

The SNS has many receptors all over the body, therefore taking heart medication may effect the lungs due to non specific adrenergic beta receptors

56
Q

What is the origin if noradrenaline?

A

Released from the adrenal medulla into the blood stream

57
Q

Name an example of a beta blocker

A

Bisoprolol, atenolol and metoprolol

58
Q

When is noradrenaline given?

A

Used in Sepsis to constrict peripheral blood vessels.

59
Q

What are the potential risks of using a nebuliser for salbutamol?

A

There is a risk of salbutamol entering the blood stream which will cause HR to increase and long term use can show arrhythmia in older patients.

60
Q

What condition should be considered to check pulse before and after administration of beta blockers.

A

Asthmatics due to potential effects on bronchials

61
Q

What are the effects of atropine?

A

Blocks the m2 receptor in the heart therefore increasing the HR

62
Q

What is Atrovent and where does it act?

A

Muscrinic antagonist that blocks the effect of acetylcholine on bronchial m3 to cause bronchodilation.

63
Q

What are they different types of neurotransmitter?

A 
Amines
Amino Acids
Neuropeptides
Opiod Peptides
Gut Hormones
64
Q

Define Synaptic Cleft.

A

The space between nerves that neurotransmitters have to traverse when going from pre and post synatic nerve receptors.

65
Q

What are the side-effects of a beta-2 agonist?

A

Increased HR

Physiology (12 decks)

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