Renal System

Question 0

What is the purpose if the kidney?

Answer 0

Filter
Reabsorb
Excrete - Urine Formation

Question 1

What are the three sections if the kidney?

Answer 1

Outer cortex
Inner medulla
Renal pelvis

Question 2

Where does reabsorption of substances mainly occur in the kidney?

Answer 2

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 3

What is reabsorbed in the kidney?

Answer 3

Glucose

Question 4

Where does filtration occur in the kidney?

Answer 4

Bowmans capsule

Question 5

How is GFR (glomerular filtration rate) worked out?

Answer 5

It is estimated using serum creatinine

eGFR >90 ??

Question 6

What is re-absorbed in the descending loop of Henle?

Answer 6

??

Question 7

What is a counter current multiplier?

Answer 7

Where osmolarity of the blood is maintained so that…

Question 8

How does water move in the loops of Henle?

Answer 8

In the descending limb it is transported out via passive transport and reabsorbed in the ascending limb via active transport

Question 9

How does the concentration of the filtrate vary through the loops of Henle?

Answer 9

Osmolarity in the cortex is initially the same osmolarity as the blood but as the loop of Henle descends water passively transports out leaving a Hyperosmolar medular area. Then in the ascending limb electrolytes are actively pumped out to the osmolarity is similar to the start.

Clinically this is important for patients with diabetes and those unable to concentrate urine

Question 10

What are macula-dense and where are the located?

Answer 10

Located on the distal tubule at the juxtaglomerula junction in the medullary area where they

Question 11

What is in the composition of urine?

Answer 11

Water 96%

Urea 2%

Question 12

How much urine should we produce a day?

Answer 12

1-1.5L/day

30mls/hour

Question 13

What are the parts to the urinary tract?

Answer 13

Minor calyx

Question 14

How is mictruition controlled?

Answer 14

Via the ANS on a positive feedback loop where

Question 15

How do loop diuretics work?

Answer 15

They block the tri sodium/potassium/chloride transporter on the ascending loop of Henle. By doing this it stops sodium moving across to the blood stream which water would follow.

Can cause adverse affects due to loss of potassium such as heart palpitations .

Question 16

What is the function if loop of henle

Answer 16

Making a hyperosmolar medulla

Question 17

Give an example of a loop diuretic.

Answer 17

Frusomide

Question 18

How do thiazides work?

Answer 18

…

Question 19

How do potassium sparing diuretics work?

Answer 19

Block potassium/sodium ATP pump between cell and blood, causing a build up of sodium in the tubule causing water loss

Often given in association with a loop diuretic

Question 20

Define diuresis.

Answer 20

Describes pharmacologically induced removal of water from the kidney.

Question 21

Define Naturesis.

Answer 21

Describes when the removal of water from the kidney is done via sodium mediated water loss

Question 22

What effect does aldosterone have on the renal system?

Answer 22

Acts on the collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption which will increase water reabsorption, thus reduce water lost in urine.

Question 23

What does ADH do?

Answer 23

Anti-diuretic Hormone, acts on cells in the collecting duct causing aquaporins to be activated and reabsorbed water into the cell, thus reducing water volume lost in urine.

Question 24

What is the effect of losing too much potassium with diuretic therapy?

Answer 24

Abnormal heart rhythms

Question 25

Give an example of a potassium sparing diuretic?

Answer 25

Spironolactone