Respiratory Flashcards
Oxygen utilization and gas exchange in tissues
Internal respiration
Ventilation and gas exchange in lungs
External respiration
What’s Dalton’s law
The total pressure of a gas make sure it is equal to the sum of all partial pressures
Percentage make ups of atmospheric air nitrogen oxygen and carbon dioxide
Nitrogen – 78%. Oxygen – 20%. Carbon dioxide – 1%.
Pressure of water and air constant
47 MM HG
Pressure of air
760 MMHG
Rate of blood flow through lungs, same as systemic circuit cardiac output
5.5 L per minute
Relationship between constriction of pulmonary arterial’s and alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
Pulmonary arterial’s constrict when partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is low and pulmonary arterial’s dilate when partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is high
Where is voluntary breathing controller and where is involuntary breathing controlled
Voluntary breathing is controlled in the cerebral cortex and involuntary breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers in the mud Doula and pons
Centers in pons that control breathing
The apneustic center promotes inspiration whereas the pneumotaxic center inhibits inspiration there for promoting expiration
Groups in the rhythmicity center of the Medela oblongata
The dorsal respiratory group is made up of inspiratory neurons that stimulates neurons of the phrenic nerve. The ventral respiratory group is made up of inspiratory neurons that stimulate spinal respiratory neurons and expiratory neurons that inhibit the Phrenic nerve
What three things do chemo receptors monitor and name the types of chemo receptors and where those are located
Chemoreceptors monitor pH, pressure of carbon dioxide and pressure of oxygen of the blood or brain fluid. Central chemo receptors are located in the medulla and peripheral receptors are located in the carotid and aorta arteries
Relationship between ventilation rate in carbon dioxide levels and pH
With hypo ventilation concentration of carbon dioxide rises and pH drops. With hyperventilation the opposite.
Why does pH fall when CO2 rises
Carbon dioxide and water forms carbonic acid
Which type of chemoreceptor responds quicker
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond much quicker but central chemoreceptors play a larger responsibility for changes
How does pressure of oxygen relate to ventilation
Low blood oxygen makes carotid bodies more sensitive to carbon dioxide
What’s involved with ventilation after pepper spray
Unmyelinated C fibers affected by capsaicin produce rapid shallow breathing
What’s the Haring Brewer reflex
Inhibits inhalation by sensing pulmonary stretch
Describe the composition of hemoglobin and oxygen carriage by hemoglobin molecules
Four globins and four irons in a hemoglobin molecule. Each hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen
What’s the normal oxyhemoglobin saturation
97%
What percent of oxygen is normally unloaded in tissues
22%
What does two, three – DPG do
Increases oxygen unloading when pressure of oxygen is low
Relationship between pH and temperature and oxygen affinity for hemoglobin
Decreased pH leads to decreased affinity therefore oxygen delivery is increased during hypercapnia. Increased temperature leads to decreased affinity therefore oxygen unloading is increased during exercise and fever
Describe fetal hemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen then mothers so fetal hemoglobin will except oxygen from the mother’s blood therefore always have enough oxygen
