Metabolism Flashcards
What do adipocytes secrete and how does play a role in metabolism
Adipocytes secrete leptin which regulates hunger and metabolism.
What promotes hyperphagia and what promotes hypophagia
The ventromedial area of the hypothalamus promote hyperphagia and the lateral hypothalamus produces hypophagia
Regarding the pancreas what does a rise in plasma glucose stimulate
Stimulates insulin inhibits glucagon
Regarding the pancreas what do amino acids stimulate
Secretion of both insulin and glucagon
What two other things stimulate insulin secretion
Parasympathetic innervation and GIP
What is the major source of blood glucose removal from insulin stimulation
Skeletal muscle
Regarding the pancreas what happens during fasting
Insulin decreases glucagon increases
What does glucagon stimulate
Glycogenolysis , gluconeogenesis, Lipolysis, ketogenesis
Describe what happens in type one diabetes
Beta cells are destroyed thus insulin production is inhibited
Describe what happens in type two diabetes
There is tissue insensitivity to insulin and in adequate insulin secretion
What happens during a reactive hypoglycemia
There’s an overproduction of insulin in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration
Describe the effects of epinephrine
Similar to glucagon – Glycogenolysis and Lipolysis
Describe the effects of glucocorticoids
Stimulate the breakdown of muscle protein and the conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver
Describe the role of thyroxine
Sets the rate of cell respiration in almost all cells (BMR). Also promotes protein synthesis and needed for proper body growth
What scenario stimulate secretion of growth hormone, what are growth hormones affect
A protein meal and by following glucose as occurs during fasting. Catabolism of lipids and inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates protein synthesis
What promotes formation of bone and what promotes resorption of bone
Osteoblasts – formation. Osteoclasts – resorption
Describe the effects of parathyroid hormone
Stimulates bone resorption and calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, also inhibits reabsorption of phosphate in the kidneys
Describe the process of forming 1,25 – dihydroxyvitamin D3
Is derived from vitamin D by hydroxylation reactions in the liver in the kidneys. The last step is stimulated by parathyroid hormone
Describe the effects of 1,25 – dihydroxyvitamin D3
Stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, resorption of bone, and renal reabsorption of phosphate
Describe where calcitonin is secreted from and its affects
Secreted from cells of thyroid gland stimulates urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate and inhibits bone resorption
