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Human Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

Four chemical classifications of hormones

A

Amines
Proteins/polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Steroids

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1
Q

Amines

  • made of
  • organs secreted from
  • polarity
  • activation mechanism
A

Amino acids- tyrosine and tryptophan

Adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal

Polar

2nd messenger (Except thyroid hormone!)

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2
Q

Glycoproteins

Structure
Polarity
Activation mechanism

A

Protein bound to one or more carbohydrate groups

Polar

2nd messenger

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3
Q

Steroids

Derived from
Polarity
Activation mechanism

A

Cholesterol

Enzyme cleaves side chain

Nonpolar

Direct

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4
Q

Prohormone

A

Relatively inactive precursor hormones made in the endocrine cells

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5
Q

Pre-hormones

A

Normal secretions of an endocrine gland that must be converted to other derivatives by target cells in order to be active

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6
Q

Classes of actions of hormones

A

Permissive, synergistic, antagonistic

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7
Q

Synergistic

A

Two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result

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8
Q

Permissive

A

When a hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the other hormone or increases activity of other hormone

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9
Q

Which hormones bind directly to receptors in nucleus

A

Nonpolar

Steroids and thyroid hormones

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10
Q

Which hormones bind to receptors on outer surface of plasma membrane

How do these hormones create a response

A

Polar

Second messenger system

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11
Q

Dimerization

A

Process of two receptor units coming together at the two half sites

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12
Q

Describe thyroid hormone activation

A

T4 carried by carrier protein crosses plasma membrane. T4 is converted to T3 which binds to a protein and crosses nuclear membrane. T3 receptor forms a hetero dimer with retinoic acid receptor. transcription to mRNA occurs enabling protein production

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13
Q

Describe cyclic AMP mechanism

A

Hormone binds to a receptor and releases G proteins. G proteins binds to adenylate cyclase which converts ATP into cAMP. CAMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinase is transfer phosphate groups to other enzymes, affecting activity

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14
Q

Six hormones released from the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, PRL, LH

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15
Q

Growth hormone

Action, regulators

From

A

Promote protein synthesis and growth; lipolysis and increased blood glucose

Inhibited by somatostatin, stimulated by Growth hormone releasing hormones

Ant pit

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16
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

Actions and regulators

From

A

Promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females

Stimulated by GnRH, inhibited by sex hormones

17
Q

Prolactin – actions, from, regulator

A

Promotes milk production in the lactating females

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

Ant pit

18
Q

Luteinizing hormone- actions, regulators, from

A

Stimulates sex hormone secretion. Stimulated by GnRH inhibited by sex steroids

Ant pit

19
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone – actions regulators, from

A

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids. Stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone and inhibited by glucocorticoids

Ant pit

20
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone – actions, regulators, from

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones. Stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone inhibited by thyroid hormone. From Ant pit

21
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis

22
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis

23
Q

Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

24
Q

Oxytocin– action

A

Milk let down

25
Q

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

CRH, GnRH, PIH, somatostatin, TRH, GHRH

26
Q

Adrenal cortex secretions categories

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids

27
Q

Glucocorticoids – actions, example, zone

A

Help regulate energy balance, inhibit information, suppress immune function. Cortisol. Zona fasciculata

28
Q

Mineralocorticoids – action, example, zone

A

Regulate sodium and potassium balance, aldosterone, zona glomerulosa

29
Q

Hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A

T4 or thyroxine, T3, and calcitonin

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone – action

A

Promotes rise in blood calcium levels

31
Q

Actions of T3 and T4

A

Stimulate protein synthesis, promote maturation of the nervous system, and increased rate of cellular respiration

32
Q

Mechanism of goiter

A

Absence of iodine leads to inability to produce T3 and T4. Lack of a negative feedback results in higher levels of TSH secretion resulting in abnormal growth of thyroid

33
Q

Insulin – action, organ secreted from, type of cell secreted from

A

Lowers blood glucose and stimulates production of glycogen, fat, and protein (opens up cells for absorption). Secreted by pancreatic islets and beta cells

34
Q

Glucagon – actions, organ secreted from, cell secreted from

A

Raises blood glucose by stimulating breakdown of the liver glycogen, promotes like a lysis, and formation of Ketone bodies. Secreted by pancreatic islets, and alpha cells

35
Q

Melatonin- gland and function

A

Secreted from pineal gland. involves promotion of sleep

36
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone and other androgens

A

leydig

37
Q

Which cells secrete estrogen

A

Granulosa

38
Q

What secretes progesterone and also estrogen

A

Corpus luteum

39
Q

Autocrine regulation description

A

Regulate same cells in the same cell type in same tissue of same organ

40
Q

Paracrine regulation description

A

Regulate and neighboring tissue of different type of tissue in same organ

41
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis

A

If anyone could tell me what the fucks going on here would be convenient

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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