Endocrine

Question 0

Four chemical classifications of hormones

Answer 0

Amines
Proteins/polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Steroids

Question 1

Amines

• made of
• organs secreted from
• polarity
• activation mechanism

Answer 1

Amino acids- tyrosine and tryptophan

Adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal

Polar

2nd messenger (Except thyroid hormone!)

Question 2

Glycoproteins

Structure
Polarity
Activation mechanism

Answer 2

Protein bound to one or more carbohydrate groups

Polar

2nd messenger

Question 3

Steroids

Derived from
Polarity
Activation mechanism

Answer 3

Cholesterol

Enzyme cleaves side chain

Nonpolar

Direct

Question 4

Prohormone

Answer 4

Relatively inactive precursor hormones made in the endocrine cells

Question 5

Pre-hormones

Answer 5

Normal secretions of an endocrine gland that must be converted to other derivatives by target cells in order to be active

Question 6

Classes of actions of hormones

Answer 6

Permissive, synergistic, antagonistic

Question 7

Synergistic

Answer 7

Two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result

Question 8

Permissive

Answer 8

When a hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the other hormone or increases activity of other hormone

Question 9

Which hormones bind directly to receptors in nucleus

Answer 9

Nonpolar

Steroids and thyroid hormones

Question 10

Which hormones bind to receptors on outer surface of plasma membrane

How do these hormones create a response

Answer 10

Polar

Second messenger system

Question 11

Dimerization

Answer 11

Process of two receptor units coming together at the two half sites

Question 12

Describe thyroid hormone activation

Answer 12

T4 carried by carrier protein crosses plasma membrane. T4 is converted to T3 which binds to a protein and crosses nuclear membrane. T3 receptor forms a hetero dimer with retinoic acid receptor. transcription to mRNA occurs enabling protein production

Question 13

Describe cyclic AMP mechanism

Answer 13

Hormone binds to a receptor and releases G proteins. G proteins binds to adenylate cyclase which converts ATP into cAMP. CAMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinase is transfer phosphate groups to other enzymes, affecting activity

Question 14

Six hormones released from the anterior pituitary

Answer 14

ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, PRL, LH

Question 15

Growth hormone

Action, regulators

From

Answer 15

Promote protein synthesis and growth; lipolysis and increased blood glucose

Inhibited by somatostatin, stimulated by Growth hormone releasing hormones

Ant pit

Question 16

Follicle stimulating hormone

Actions and regulators

From

Answer 16

Promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females

Stimulated by GnRH, inhibited by sex hormones

Question 17

Prolactin – actions, from, regulator

Answer 17

Promotes milk production in the lactating females

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

Ant pit

Question 18

Luteinizing hormone- actions, regulators, from

Answer 18

Stimulates sex hormone secretion. Stimulated by GnRH inhibited by sex steroids

Ant pit

Question 19

Adrenocorticotropic hormone – actions regulators, from

Answer 19

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids. Stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone and inhibited by glucocorticoids

Ant pit

Question 20

Thyroid stimulating hormone – actions, regulators, from

Answer 20

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones. Stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone inhibited by thyroid hormone. From Ant pit

Question 21

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Answer 21

Adenohypophysis

Question 22

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 22

Neurohypophysis

Question 23

Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

Answer 23

ADH and oxytocin

Question 24

Oxytocin– action

Answer 24

Milk let down

Question 25

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

Answer 25

CRH, GnRH, PIH, somatostatin, TRH, GHRH

Question 26

Adrenal cortex secretions categories

Answer 26

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids

Question 27

Glucocorticoids – actions, example, zone

Answer 27

Help regulate energy balance, inhibit information, suppress immune function. Cortisol. Zona fasciculata

Question 28

Mineralocorticoids – action, example, zone

Answer 28

Regulate sodium and potassium balance, aldosterone, zona glomerulosa

Question 29

Hormones secreted by thyroid gland

Answer 29

T4 or thyroxine, T3, and calcitonin

Question 30

Parathyroid hormone – action

Answer 30

Promotes rise in blood calcium levels

Question 31

Actions of T3 and T4

Answer 31

Stimulate protein synthesis, promote maturation of the nervous system, and increased rate of cellular respiration

Question 32

Mechanism of goiter

Answer 32

Absence of iodine leads to inability to produce T3 and T4. Lack of a negative feedback results in higher levels of TSH secretion resulting in abnormal growth of thyroid

Question 33

Insulin – action, organ secreted from, type of cell secreted from

Answer 33

Lowers blood glucose and stimulates production of glycogen, fat, and protein (opens up cells for absorption). Secreted by pancreatic islets and beta cells

Question 34

Glucagon – actions, organ secreted from, cell secreted from

Answer 34

Raises blood glucose by stimulating breakdown of the liver glycogen, promotes like a lysis, and formation of Ketone bodies. Secreted by pancreatic islets, and alpha cells

Question 35

Melatonin- gland and function

Answer 35

Secreted from pineal gland. involves promotion of sleep

Question 36

Which cells secrete testosterone and other androgens

Answer 36

leydig

Question 37

Which cells secrete estrogen

Answer 37

Granulosa

Question 38

What secretes progesterone and also estrogen

Answer 38

Corpus luteum

Question 39

Autocrine regulation description

Answer 39

Regulate same cells in the same cell type in same tissue of same organ

Question 40

Paracrine regulation description

Answer 40

Regulate and neighboring tissue of different type of tissue in same organ

Question 41

Steroid hormone synthesis

Answer 41

If anyone could tell me what the fucks going on here would be convenient