Circulatory Flashcards
Which layer of Tunica is Thicker in arteries
Tunica media
Three layers of blood vessels
Tunica externa, tunica media, Tunica interna
What two things help Venous blood return to heart
Respiratory pump and muscle contractions
Three types of capillaries
Continuous fenestrated discontinuous
Where are continuous capillaries found
Skin muscles CNS lungs
Where are fenestrated capillaries found
Kidneys endocrine system intestines
Where are discontinuous capillaries found
Liver spleen bone marrow
What makes up the formed elements of the blood
White blood cells red blood cells platelets
Leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes
What makes a plasma
Water proteins electrolytes antibodies and hormones
Three plasma proteins
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
Albumins function
Provide osmotic pressure, draw water from tissues into blood
Globulins function and types
Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Gamma globulin’s are antibodies
Describe hemoglobins structure
For protein chains called globulins, each bound to 1 heme molecule
Two types of white blood cells
Granular leukocytes and a granular leukocytes
Three types of granular leukocytes
Neutrophils eosinophils and basophils
Two types of a granular leukocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Three functions of platelets and platelet life length
Release serotonin, reduced blood flow to clot area, secrete growth factors to maintain integrity of blood vessel wall
Survive 5–9 days
Name three types of the hematopoiesis where these can occur and what each are stimulated by
Erythropoieses- stimulated by erythropoietin
Leukopoiesis- stimulated by cytokines
Platelet formation- stimulated
by thrombopoieten
occur in myloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue
Erythropoiesis – stages of formation
Erythropoietin which is released from the kidney binds to proerythroblasts > become erythroblast which becomes normoblast which becomes reticulocyte which is released into blood on third day and matures into erythrocyte
Blood clotting – scientific name, three major mechanisms
Vasoconstriction, the formation of a platelet plug, the production of a web of fibrin proteins that penetrates and surrounds the platelet plug
Describe platelet plug formation
Platelets exposed to collagen stick to the collagen and are bound more soundly with the help of von Willebrand’s factor. The platelets degranulate and release their secretory products which are ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane a2 – This is known as platelet release reaction. The ADP and thromboxane A2 recruit new platelets and make them sticky.
Describe relationship between fibrin and platelet plug
Platelets activate clotting factors that convert fibrinogen into fibrin. The fibrinogen in the fibrin bind to binding sites on the platelets to strengthen platelet plug.
Describe the extrinsic pathway
The shortcut pathway. Activated by tissue thromboplastin, clotting factor three, which activates factor seven. Factor seven then forms the seven complex which consists of factor seven, factor three, calcium and phospholipids. the factor seven complex then activated factor 10 in the common pathway
Describe the intrinsic pathway
Activated by contact with negative surface. Factor seven becomes activated which activates factor 11 which activates factor nine which then forms the factor eight complex which consists of factor eight, Factor nine, calcium, and phospholipids. This then activates factor 10 in the common pathway
Describe the common pathway
Activated factor 10 forms the five complex which consists of factor five factor 10, calcium, and phospholipids. This activates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin which then activate the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin which then with the help of factor 13 forms fibrin polymers
Describe clot retraction
After fibrin binds to platelets to form plug the clock retracts to form a small tight plug. Serum is squeezed from the plug
Describe dissolution of clots
Factor 12 promotes formation of kallikrein which converts plasminogen to Plasmin. Plasmin digest fibrin and dissolve the clot
Identify the two functions of the lymphatic system
Protection and transport interstitial fluid back to blood and fat from small intestine into the blood
Describe the function of lymph system
Lymph capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid proteins, dead white blood cells, And fat and filters them through lymph ducts. Fluid is moved through lymph system by peristaltic waves generated by own action potential lymph ducks eventually empty into one of the two principal vessels – the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct. These ducks then drain the limp into the right or left subclavian vein
Sites of lymphocyte production
Lymph nodes, tonsils, sinus, and spleen
Electrical impulses travel in the heart
SA node to AV node to AV bundle (bundle of His)to Purkinje fibers
EKG correlation with electrical activity in heart
P-wave corresponds with atrial depolarization QRS complex correlates with ventricular depolarization T-wave correlates with ventricular repolarization
Heart sounds correlation with electrical activity of heart
First heart sound lub correlates with ventricular systole so the QRS complex, and second heart sound dub correlates with ventricular diastole so the t wave
