Respiratory 2 Flashcards
What is diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage
presence of blood in sputum or cough
-bleeding through out lung
What is diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndromes due to (primary + secondary)
Usually secondary: Coagulopathies, vasculitis, inf
Primary: Goodpasture, Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
Goodpasture syndrome: what is it, type of hypersensitivity, symptoms
Type 2 hypersensitivity- Antibody production against alveolar and glomerular basement membranes
symptoms: hemoptysis, crescentic glomerulonephritis, renal failure etc
What is idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
pathological accumulation of iron products called hemosiderin within phagocytes
Pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
- structural defect in alveolar capillaires
- leakage of iron containing products of blood into surrounding tissues and they are picked up by tissue phagocytes
pulmonary hypertension: what is it
increase in BP within pulmonary circulation >20mmhg
Pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension
Chronic vasoconstriction from vascular hyper reactivity
mutation in BMPR2
-BMPR2 cause inhibition of proliferation of vascular smooth mm
-increase apoptosis of vascular smooth mm
Causes of secondary Pulmonary hypertension (4)
cardiac causes (L to R shunts, mitral stenosis) Inflammatory causes (connective tissue disease) Pulmonary causes (COPD, restrictive disease) Vascular causes (thromboembolism)
causitive organisms of community acquired pneumonia
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Staphlyococcus aureus
- haemophilus influenza
- klebsiella pneumonia
What is the virulence factor of chyamdophila and mycoplasma
Chyamdophilia- produces chiliastic factor
Mycoplasma- Can sheer off cilia
Virulence factor of streptococcus and neisseria meningitidis
produce proteases that can split secretory IgA
Virulence factor of pneumococcus
- Capsul that inhibits phagocytes
- peumolysin
- neuroaminidase and hylauronidase
Virulence factor of Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Legionella
resistent to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes
Community acquired typical pneumonia clinical signs/symptoms
-fever
-producive cough
Bronchopneumonoa
Lobar pneumonia
Mophological stages of lobar pneumonia
- Edema and congestion
- red hepatization
- grey hepatization
complications of community acquired pneumonia
- Lung abscess
- Empyema of pleural cavity
- fibrosis and scarring
- Hematogenous dissemination
community acquired atypical pneumonia cause/findings
inf due to non bacterial organism
- pts have only mod sputum prod
- no physical findings of consolidation
- lack of alveolar exudates
- mod increase in WBC
MC causative organism in community acquired atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma
Nosocomial pneumonia
Pulmonary infection aquired while in hospital
Usually bacterial
-difficult to tx due to multi drug resistant flora
what is aspiration pneumoa
pneumonia as a result of aspiration of a stomach content in the airways
(intoxicated to point where sphincters are relaxed leading to regurgitation of stomach contents into esophagus)
primary TB patho
- begins in pt with ghon complex (in periphery of lung)
- infect macrophages and eventually form a nodular granulomatous tubercle
- The lesion produced by the expansion of the tubercle in the lung parenchyma and lymph node involvement is called ghon complex
What is secondary TB
(reactivation TB)
- reactivation TB results from proliferation of prevention dormant bacteria seeded)
- Pts with reduced systems are more likelyy to develop it (HIV etc)
What is primary progressive TB
primary infection is not controlled by innate immunity
What is biliary TB and what is it due to
Miliary TB- wide dissemination of mycobacterium tuberculosis via hematogenous spread
