Hematological Patho II Flashcards
What is a leukaemia and what does it lead to
massive proliferation of leukaemia cells eventually causes suppression of myelogenes which lead to:
- decreased RBC
- decreased mature leukocytes
- decreased platelets
what are the signs and symptoms of bone marrow pathology
Lymphoma leukemias immune disorders diffuse boen bane lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly blood vessels occlusion
What are myeloid cells of chronic myeloid leukaemia characterized by
By the philidlphia chromosome on karyotyping
What is the translocation of the philadelphia chromosome that causes CML
translocation of q arm of chromosome 22 to the q arm of chromosome 9 t(9:22)
what is leukemia generaly + what is their origin
Neoplastic process which represents a monoclonal proliferation of one transformed precursor cell
80-85% of leukemias and lymphomas are B cell in origin
what is acute vs chronic leukemia
Acute: composed of immature cells, sudden onset few months from symptoms to dx
Chronic- composed of mature cells (myelocytes)
What is acute lymphoid leukemia, dx criteria and age
- Neoplastic monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells predominantly in blood (lymphoblasts)
- bone marrow > 30% blasts
ALL occurs mc in children (70% of all childhood leukemias)
What does ALL usually happen w
Down syndrome
What is chronic lymphoid leukemia and epidemiology
neoplastic proliferation of mature lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow
-pts older than 50 (2:1 M:F)
What is a major marker of T cell
CD5 is a t cell marker
What is the microscopic presentation of CLL
Smudge cells
What is acute myeloid leukemia characterized by + epidemiologu
clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors
predominantly older pts (40 isH)
markers and pres of AML
T(15;17)
classic clinical case is a younger pt (40ish) with symptoms of leukemia (anemia, bruising) who presents w disseminated intravascular coagulation
What is chronic myeloid leukemia, epidemiology and associated abnormality
Neoplastic monoclonal proliferation of granulocytes
older pts
Associated with philadelphia chromosome t(9;22)
clinical s/s of CML
- up to 40% asymptomatic
- fatgue/letheragy
- SOB
Signs- markedly elevated WBC, low leukocyte alkaline phospjatase, high uric acid level and lactate dehydrogenase
Course of CML (indolent and chronic phase)
Idolent phase- lasts 3-5 years and can be asymptomatic
Chronic phase- leads to an accelerated phase characterized by fever, weight loss, night sweats etc
Finally pts progess to blast cells
What is timor lysis syndrom, when does it happen and what does it release
Group of metabolic complications can occur after tx of neoplastic disorder
-caused b massive tumor lysis w release fo large amounts of potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids
What is hodgkin lymphoma generally
tumor of germinal centre or post germinal centre of B cells
-Contains a minority of neoplastic cells (Reef sternberg cells) in an inflammatory background d
Epidemiology of HL
10% of all lymphomas
-one peak in young adults and one in older adults
mc type of HL
Nodular sclerosis (60-80%)
HL vs non HL
Hodgkin- Reed sternberg cells, Sigle group of axial nodes, contiguous spread, constitutional symtoms, bimodal age distribution
non HL- No reed sternberg, multiple groups of peripheral nodes, non continues spread, fewer constitutional symptoms, 20-40yold
what is something that presents in 80% of HL cases
Cervical or supraclavicular lymph nodes
Symptoms of HL
(only 1/3 have symptoms)
Consituitional symptoms
Generalized pruritus
Lymphadenopathy
Pain in the lymph nodes w ingestion of alcohol
What is contiguous spread in HL
HL appears to spread or grow my contiguous extension (spreading from one lymph node to adjacent nodes)
Non HL is more difuse
