respiratory Flashcards
respiration vs ventilation
resp = exchange gases @ alveoli
vent = movement air thru airways
plica vena cava
fold of pleura that caudal vena cava runs to heart in
what type control diaphragm
somatic - can control it bc can control breathing
importance neg press in pleural cavity
holds lungs against ribs/diaphragm
* w/o it ribs etc move but lungs don’t (= can’t breathe)
* hole in pleura = lung collapse = pneumothorax
species diffs bet pleural sacs
ruminants: L + R pleural sacs isolated = conditions limited to side of injury
dog/cat/horse: mediasteinal pleura permeable = comm = unilateral problem becomes bilateral
nares
outer part nostril where air enters
* protection from invasion foreign mat
interior rostral nasal cavity lined stiff hairs for further protection
horse = expandable for incr air floe bc can’t breathe thru mouth
turbinates
scrolls bone lined vascular mucosa w mucous glands
* splits nasal cavity into 4 interconnected passageways = meati (single meatus)
* warms (-> core body temp), humidifies + cleans air - bc mucosa v mucousy (protect against infection)
where are turbinates found
- dorsal nasal concha
- ventral nasal concha
- ethmoidal conchae
passage air after nasal cavity
-> nasopharynx -> larynx -> infraglottic cavity -> trachea -> bifurcation dorsal to base heart …..
structure + role larynx
interconnected cartilages that move (inc epiglottis), lined mucous mem
* connects pharynx + trachea
* protect lower airways
* involved swallowing, coughing, eructation/vomming/rumination
* open + close w breathing so paralysis = vocal fold -> centre + no open = resistance airflow
epiglottis involved diverting food mat airway -> oes
structure trachea
incomplete rings cartilage (fibro, framework), w ends joined trachialis musc
* sometimes flat cartilage + long musc = sticks trachea on inspiration = difficult breathe
* carnivores = musc on outside, everything else = on inside
exterior CT layer, tubular, ciliated mucosal lining w mucous glands
bronchus types
- primary to each lung
- second each supply lobe
- tert (= segmental) each supply prim lobule (bronchopulmonary segment)
CT bet lobules
peribronchial CT
* -> surface visceral pleura
* can be visible as surface marbling, e.g. pigs
tracheal bronchus
in ruminants + pigs, deviates from trachea cranial to bifurcation -> cranial lobe R lung
division systems bronchi
- 1st 6 = monopodial sys, w only small decr in diameter for small incr in cross-sectional area
- then equal sys -> 2 daughter bronchi equal size to each other = large incr cross-sectional area (double each time)
* = air travelling slower + less turbulent by end
airway lining
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w goblet cells + submucosal glands
* cilia beat together for mucous -> pharynx -> swallow = protective mucociliary escalator function
* remove foreign mat + microbes that bypassed upper airway defences
lobe + lobule distinction diff species
bounding gait need greater freedom movement = more external sep bet lobes (dog lots, horse nope)
dogs = lobule divisions not visible, pigs = v visible CT marbling
lobe defn
portion tiss supplied secondary bronchus
not defined external divisions
bronchus vs bronchiole
- cartilage rings dwindle -> plates then replaced sm musc (can change diameter) + elastic tiss (structure) in bronchioles
- bronchioles no submucosal glands
bronchioles <1mm diameter
terminal bronchioles
last division bronchioles before resp zone, each ending in air exchange portion lung (secondary lobule)
* no cilia
* no goblet cells
* Clara cells prod surfactant
resp zone components
- resp bronchioles w alveolar outpouchings of walls for some gas exchange
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
sm musc + elastic tiss in resp zone
no sm musc - all affected external forces
lots elastic tiss investing it = passively recoils to shape (lots expiration passive)
cells in alveoli epithelium
- type 1 alveolocytes = v thin squamous
- type 2 = cuboidal to prod surfactant (keep surface bet cells + air moist)
- macrophage to phagocytose tiny foreign particles/infectious agents past nasal + escalator -> alveoli
alveolocytes = pneumocytes
layers for gas exchange
thin = easy gas exchange
thin fluid film for O2/CO2 dissolve so can move across mems