Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSF > hindlimb > Flashcards

hindlimb Flashcards

1
Q

gluteal region

A

around hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

thigh

A

hip -> stifle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

popliteal region

A

around condyles at distal aspect femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

crus

A

stifle -> tarsus/hock

= crural region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pes

A

metatarsals + digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sacrum

A

end bone of vertebral column - forms sacro-ileal joint w axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

directions of flexion/extension HL

A

cranial angle of hip = flexion
caudal angle of stifle = flexion

rest = same as FL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

evolution of HL

A

toes -> cranially
stifle -> cranially
tibia + fibula remain parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

structure of pelvic girdle

== pelvis

A

2 ossa coxae (L + R) fused w cartilagenous joint @ centre, each made up 4 flat bones:
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis
4. acetabulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

flat bones of pelvis

A

margins = compact bone
no medullary cavity - centre = spongy bone w marrow in air-filled spaces
* BM harvested in wing of ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ossa coxae structure

A

gluteal surface = concave lateral surface

sacropelvic surface = medial

lateral aspect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sacro-iliac joint

A

S1 -> sacropelvic surface of ilium
* fibrous joint == fused
* supported by ligs from lumbar + sacral vertebrae
* transfer forces from HL -> vertebral column for propulsion

hip joint = pivotal point of HL

dog sacrum = 3 fused sacral vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prepubic tendon

A

fills pecten concavity @ cranioventral pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ischiatic arch

A

muscle attachment for repro organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sacrotuberous ligament

A

v strong band collagenous tiss sacrum (S3 + Cd1) -> ischiatic tuberosity
* anchorage for sutures during musc repair

1 each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pelvic symphysis

A

cartilage joint bet ossa coxae = small movement poss
* can ossify, esp in large animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

obturator foramen

A
  • bvs + nerves pass thru, esp obturator nerve
  • covered by internal + external obturator muscs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

acetabulum

A

@ boundary ilium, pubis + ischium -> articulate w head of femur ==> hip joint
* extended by cartilage labrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

centres of ossification pelvis

A

each bone has 1 main
* acetabular bone fuses b4 birth
* pelvic symphysis fuses last

secondary centres:
1. dorsal iliac crests
2. tuber ischium (ischiatic tuberosity)
3. ischiatic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

positioning pelvic girdle for radiography

A

obturator foramen symmetrical means straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

diffs cat hip joint

A
  • wings of ilium + ischium parallel as opposed diverge in dog
  • larger obturator foramen
  • smaller greater trochanter
  • larger lesser trochanter (still smaller than greater)
dog's diverge, cat's straighter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

femur general

A
  • long bone = has medullary cavity
  • straight (humerus S-shaped)
caudal view
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

proximal femur structures

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

distal femur structures

A

condyles = smooth + covered cartilage -> tibia (stifle)

intercondylar fossa = rough for attachment cruciate ligs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

centres ossification femur

A
  • head
  • greater trochanter
  • body
  • distal epiphysis => condylar region prone fractures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

patella

A

pyramid shaped sesamoid in trochlear groove
* smooth articular h cart covered durface
* glides proximally + distally
* embedded in tendon of insertion of quads musc (-> tibial tuberosity)
* patellar lig runs patella -> tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

fabellae sesamoids

A

x2 on top condyles femur @ caudal aspect in popliteal fossa
* embedded in gastrocnemius musc, 1 in each tendon of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

popliteal sesamoid

A

embedded popliteus musc, up to x4, stabilise stifle joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

sesamoids of cat

A
  • always have patella
  • medial fabella often no ossified = no visible radiographs
  • lateral fabella + popliteus usually present, not always
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

nerve supply HL

A

spinal nerves L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
* dorsal branches -> dorsal structures
* ventral branches -> lumbosacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

peripheral nerves to HL muscs

A
  • gluteal (cr + cd branches)
  • obturator
  • femoral
  • sciatic -> tibial (deeper cd) + fibular/peroneal (cr)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

hip joint

A

== coxo-femoral joint
== femur head -> pelvis acetabulum lunate surface

typical synovial w joint capsule around labrum + femur neck
* NO COLLATERAL LIGS
* lig of head of femur (= teres lig/round lig/ligamentum fovea) = fovea -> acet fossa
* also supported surrounding muscs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

palpation pelvis/femur

A
  • dorsal iliac crest (wing of ilium)
  • tuber sacrale

hip joint:
* tuber coxae
* tuber ischium
* greater trochanter

triangle, shld be bilaterally symmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

HL extrinsic muscs

A

move limb relative to trunk but sacro-iliac joint immovable so pivotal pt hip joint + pelvis functions as part axial skeleton
* so HL extrinsic originate axial sk + pelvis
* protraction = hip flexion
* retraction = hip extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

location muscs add/abduction hip

A

abduction = lateral thigh
adduction = medial thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

gluteal musc

A

extend + abduct hip, middle + deep rotate pelvic limb medially
3 heads:
1. superficial: lateral sacrum + Cd1 via sacrotuberous lig + dorsal iliac crest via gluteal fascia -> 3rd trochanter; caudal gluteal nerve
2. middle: gluteal surface ilium -> greater trochanter; cranial gluteal n.
3. deep: ilium + ischiatic spine -> greater trochanter; cr gluteal n.

deep under these
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

adductors of HL

A
  • gracilis
  • adductor
  • pactineus
  • external obturator

== ventral to hip joint, obturator n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

gracilis musc

A

pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon -> cranial tibia border + tuber calcanei (w semitendinosus

== adduct HL, flex stifle, extend hip + hock
innerv: obturator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

adductor musc

A

pubis -> medial caudal distal femur

== adduct HL + extend hip
innerv: obturator

lies deep to gracilis, 2 bellies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

pectineus musc

A

iliopubic eminence via prepubic tendon -> distal caudal medial femur

== adduct thigh
innerv: obturator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

hip flexor muscs

A

== limb protraction
* tensor fascia latae
* iliopsoas
* sartorius
* rectus femoris head of quads

innerv = femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

tensor fascia latae

A

tuber coxae + adjacent ilium, aponeurosis of middle gluteal -> lateral femoral fascia over biceps + quads

== tenses lat fem fascia, flex hip, extend stifle
innerv: cranial gluteal

2 heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

sartorius

A

cr part O: ilium crest + thoracolumbar fascia I: patella w rectus femoris
cd part O: cr ventr iliac spine + adjacent ventral border ilium
I tibial tuberosity w gracilis

== flex hip, cr extends stifle, cd flexes stifle
innerv: femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

iliopsoas

A

psoas major musc (by lumbar vertebrae) fusion w iliacus on cranioventral ilium -> lesser trochanter

== flex hip
innerv: ventral branches spinal ns., femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

quadriceps femoris as hip flexor

A

most cr head from ilium -> tibial tuberosity
== flex hip + extend stifle
innerv: femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

hip extensors

A

== limb retractors
* biceps femoris
* semitendinosus
* semmimembranosus

innerv = sciatic n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

biceps femoris

A

sacrotuberous lig + ischiatic tuberosity ->
1. cranial border of tibia via crural fascia
2. tuber calcanei via fascia lata + patella via crural fascia

== extend hip, stifle + hock
* cd part flexes stifle
innerv: sciatic

2 heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

sacrotuberous ligament

== broad ligament

A

stabilise + protect sacroiliac joint
* dorsal sacrum -> ischial tuberosity
* fan-shaped, 1 each side
* forms lateral wall pelvic cavity
* dorsal (DSL) + ventral/lateral (VSL)

relaxes at parturition, absent in cat

biceps femoris, superficial gluteal, piriformis, tenuissimus originate from it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

ischiatic foramens

A

greater = passage gluteal nerve
lesser = sciatic nerve
–> lower limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

semitendinosus musc

A

ischiatic tuberosity -> distocranial border of tibia, medial tibia bod + tuber calcanei via crural fascia (= calcaneal tendon)

== extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock
innerv: sciatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

semimembranosus

A

ischiatic tuberosity -> distal medial lip of caudal femur + tibia medial condyle

== extend hip, cd part flexes stifle
innerv: sciatic

lies deep to semitendinosus

2 bellies of equal size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

femoral triangle

A

caudal boundary pectineus + adductor
cranial boundary = sartorius
* femoral neurovascular bundle (VAN) in it
* palpable pulses @ medial aspect triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

structure proximal end tibia

A

short axis = triangular = tibial plateau/plate = smooth -> articulate w medial + lateral condyles of femur

flat side = medial, fibula attaches on lateral

intercondylar eminence/ridge = non-articular rough surface for attachment cruciate ligs bet condyles, caudally (only proximal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

distal end tibia structure

A

medial/lateral malleolus = attachment medial/lateral collateral lig of hock

lateral malleolus = on fibula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

palpation tibia/fibula

A
  • tibial crest (tuberosity)
  • medial malleolus of tibia
  • lateral malleolus of fibula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

structure of fibula

A

flatter end = proximal end, chunkier = distal

at proximal:
* skinnier side = caudal
* fatter = cranial
* can deduct which is medial/lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

centres of ossification tibia

A
  1. proximal end
  2. tibial tuberosity
  3. body
  4. distal end
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

centres of ossification fibula

A
  1. proximal end
  2. body
  3. distal end (lat malleolus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

stifle joint

A

femur + tibia + patella
* femoral condyles + tibial condyles laterally + medially
* bone articulation not stable so needs lots support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what provides stability to stifle joint

A
  • menisci w meniscal ligaments
  • collateral ligs
  • cruciate ligs
  • patellar lig
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

menisci

A

lateral + medial C-shaped cartilage attached tibial condyles
* wedge = thicker abaxial
* stabilise joint + provide cushioning
* involved proprioception bc cont nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

meniscal ligs

A
  1. menisco-tibial ligs (MTL) = meniscus -> intercondylar eminence so held on tibia
  2. transverse lig (TL) bet cranial aspects menisci to hold together
  3. menisco-femoral lig (MFL) = lat meniscus -> intercondylar fossa so held on femur

movement occurs bet femur + menisci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

collateral ligs of stifle

A

hold bones together, resist rotation + limit movement to flexion/extension

medial epicondyle femur -> tibia
lat epicond femur -> fibula + tibia

attach abaxial aspects of menisci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

cruciate ligs stifle

A
  1. cranial = intercondylar eminence -> medial aspect lat condyle
  2. caudal = intercondylar eminence -> intercondylar fossa

cr split craniomedial + caudolateral bands

maintain femur on menisci + resist rotation

named for attachment to tibia

one behind = caudal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

femoro-patellar components

A

patella in trochlear groove supported by med + lat trochlear ridges

patellar lig = patellar tendon from quads -> tibial tuberosity/fabella w patella embedded
* lat + med ones

then convered retinaculum (fascia) for more support + protection whole joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

movement patella

A

patella proximally prods extension
patella distally allows flexion

no lateral movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

synovial joint compartments stifle

A
  1. femoro-patellar
  2. medial femoro-tibial (incorps fabella)
  3. lateral femoro-tibia (incorps fabella + tendon of origin long digital extensor)

in dog all compartments comms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

cat stifle joint

A
  • pointed patella
  • medial fabella often not mineralised
  • lat fabella + popliteal sesamoid usually visible radiograph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

palpating stifle

A
  • patella
  • patellar lig
  • tibial crest
  • joint space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

stifle extensors

A
  • sartorius (2 heads)
  • quadriceps

–> tibial tuberosity via patella + patellar lig
innerv: femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

quadriceps musc

A

4 heads, fused distally
1. rectus femoris from ilium
2. vastus lateralis from greater trochanter
3. vastus intermedius from proximal craniolateral femur (deep to lat)
4.* vastus medialis *from intertrochanteric crest

–> tibial tuberosity, extend stifle
(rect fem fexes hip asw)
innerv: femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

stifle flexors

A

caudal to stifle joint
* biceps femoris
* semitendinosus
* semimembranosus
* gastrocnemius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

gastrocnemius musc

A

2 heads from med + lat epicondyles of femur -> tuber calcanei
* tendons of origin cont fabellae sesamoids

== extend tarsus + flex stifle
innerv: tibial (branch of sciatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

tarsal bones

A

proximal row = talus + calcaneus
middle = central + IV
distal = I, II, III, IV

all bones present in dog + pig

short bones
75
Q

calcaneus structure

A

calcanean tuberosity = tuber calcanei projecting proximal

sustenaculum projects medially = passage for DDFT

76
Q

talus structure

A

important bc trochlea w 2 ridges + central groove = articular onto tibia

77
Q

palpation of tarsus

A
  • calcanean tuberosity
  • medial malleolus
  • lateral malleolus
78
Q

centres of ossification tarsal bones

A

all single but calcaneus has 2

79
Q

tarsal joints

A
  1. tarso-crural - talus -> tibia + fibula
  2. proximal intertarsal - bet 1st 2 rows
  3. distal intertarsal - bet central + I/II/III
  4. tarso-metatarsal - bet distal row + metatarsals + intratarsals asw
80
Q

tarsus movement

A

wide range flexion, mostly at tarso-crural

trochlea not vertical, allowing slight rotation so hock flexed + limb protracted = HL lat to FL

81
Q

joint capsule tarsus

A

extensive from proximal bet tib + fib -> dist bet MTs
* poor comms bet compartments

82
Q

joint support at tarsus

A
  • collateral ligs
  • plantar lig
  • fibrocartilagenous reinforcement joint capsule
  • retinaculum
83
Q

collateral ligs tarsus

A
  • lateral: fibula lat malleolus -> 5th MT
  • medial: tibia med malleolus -> 2nd MT
  • short bridge bone -> bone
84
Q

plantar lig

A

calcaneus -> MTs
* counteracts pull on calcanean tuberosity by common calcanean tendon

85
Q

fibrocartilagenous reinforcement tarsal joint capsule functions

A
  • friction free surface for passage tendons
  • passive maintenance of joint
86
Q

pes

A

same as manus but w no stopper/carpal pad

dew claw:
* variable in dog (less common than FL)
* absent in cat

87
Q

hock flexors

A

muscs run cranial/dorsal to limb
* cranial tibial
* peroneus longus
* peroneus brevis
* peroneus tertius - not in dog + cat
* long digital extensor
innerv: peroneal/fibular branch of sciatic (2 diff names)

standing pos = extension

88
Q

cranial tibial

A

lat tibial crest -> planter of base of MT I + II
== flex tarsus + rotate hindpaw laterally
innerv: peroneal

89
Q

peroneus longus

A

== long fibular
tibia lat condyle -> prox planter MTs + IV tarsal bone
== flex hock + rotate paw medially
innerv: peroneal

90
Q

peroneus brevis

A

== short fibular
distal 2/3 fibula + tibia (lat aspect) -> prox MT V
== flex tarsus
innerv: peroneal

located under peroneus longus

91
Q

long digital extensor

A

extensor fossa on lat dist femur -> extensor processes DP digits II - V
== digital extension + flex tarsus
innerv: peroneal

tendon of origin in stifle joint capsule for lat collateral support joint

partially covered cr tib + peroneus longus

92
Q

lateral digital extensor

A

prox lat 1/3 fibula -> digits IV, V
== extend + abduct digit IV, V
innerv: peroneal

under peroneus longus, lateral aspect

93
Q

common calcanean tendon

A

== achilles tendon inserting calcanean tuberosity, act as lever for distal limb w tendons:
1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. gracilis

for hock extension

94
Q

digital flexors

A
  • superficial digital flexor
  • deep digital flexor (2 heads)
95
Q

superficial digital flexor musc

A

popliteal surface of femur -> MP digits II-V + calcanean tuberosity (comm calc tend)
== flex stifle, extend tarsus, flex digits
innerv: tibial (branch of sciatic)

deep to gastrocnemius

96
Q

deep digital flexor

A

lat head (flexor hallucis longus) from prox tibia over sustenaculum tali ->
med head (flexor digitorum longus) from prox tib + fib over medial malleolus ->

then unite then diverge to DPs of II-V onflexor tubercle on planter surface

== flex digits + extend tarsus
innerv: tibial

lat held by retinaculum + protected tendon sheath

97
Q

gluteal nerve

A

motor only, runs over dorsal surface of bod or ilium
-> HL abductors

98
Q

obturator nerve

A

motor only
thru obturator foramen then short route -> medial thigh

supplies adductors (gracilis, adductor, pectineus) + external obturator

99
Q

femoral nerve

A

motor = hip flexors, stifle extensors (illiopsoas, sartorius, quads)
–> patella reflex

sensory = saphenous branch to femoral triangle for medial thigh

does all stifle extensors so damage = no stifle extension

100
Q

sciatic nerve

== ischiatic n.

A

mixed, runs over dorsal of ilium, caudal to hip, deep to biceps femoris

motor = hip extensors, stifle flexors (caudal thigh muscs)

101
Q

hamstring muscs

A
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
102
Q

tibial nerve

A

motor: caudal crurals
* hock extensors = gastrocnemius
* digital flexors = superfic + deep dig flexors

sensory: caudal/planter HL

branch of sciatic

103
Q

fibular/peroneal nerve

A

motor: cranial crurals
* hock flexors (cranial tibial, peroneus)
* digital extensors (long + lat)

sensory: cranial/dorsal aspect HL + lat thigh

branch of sciatic

104
Q

sciatic nerve damage =?

A

lose supply to
* hip extensors/stifle flexors
* hock extensors/digital flexors
* hock flexors/digital extensors
lose sensation to all but medial aspect

can still:
* abduct (gluteals)
* adduct (obturator)
* protract/flex hip (femoral n.) =+ extend stifle

due hip trauma/surgery/femoral fractures

105
Q

blood supply HL

A

aorta -> external iliac artery -> femoral
-> saphenous for superficial supply to paw -> dorsal/planter common digital arts
-> popliteal -> cranial tibial for deep supply to paw -> dorsal/plantae metatarsal arts

deep supply most important

106
Q

venous drainage HL

A

deep + superficial supply following back as w FL
superficial = lateral + medial saphenous veins -> systemic circ
* dorsal lat + med anastomose @ hock
* caudal lat + med anastomose @ metatarsal level

107
Q

lymphatic drainage HL

A

popliteal LN caudal to stifle
* important for meat inspection - enlarged in response infec

108
Q

piriformis

A

sacrum + sacrotuberous lig -> greater trochanter

== extend + abduct hip, rotate HL medially
innerv: gluteal

109
Q

internal obturator

A

symphysis pelvis + dorsal surface ischium/pubis -> trochanteric fossa of femur

== rotate HL laterally @ hip
innerv: sciatic

110
Q

gemelli

A

lat ischial spine -> femur trochanteric fossa

== rotate HL laterally at hip (outward)
innerv: sciatic

111
Q

quadratus femoris

A

ventral surface of caudal ischium (ventral to ischiatic tuberosity) -> intertrochanteric crest

== extend hip + rotate HL laterally (outward)
innerv: sciatic

112
Q

external obturator

A

ventral surface pubis + ischium around borders obturator foramen -> trochanteric fossa

== rotate HL laterally (outward)
innerv: obturator

113
Q

popliteus

A

lateral epicondyle of femur -> prox 1/3 caudal tibia

== rotate HL medially (inward) + flex stifle
innerv: tibial

tendon of origin cont popliteal sesamoid

114
Q

tenuissimus

A

== caudal crural abductor
sacrotuberous lig -> crural fascia

== flex stifle + abduct crus
innerv: ischiatic

v weak, only in carmnis

115
Q

caudal tibial musc

A

prox fibula -> medial tarsus

== tarsal extension
innerv: tibial

small, vestigial - unimportant in carnis

116
Q

short digital extensor

A

distal row tarsal bones + unites w digital extensor tendons

== digital extension
innerv: peroneal

117
Q

coccygeus

A

ischiatic spine -> 2-5th coccygeal vertebrae

== tail depressor
innerv: 3rd sacral

118
Q

levator ani

A

medial ilium -> 7th coccygeal vertebrae

== tail depressor + compresses rectum (to poo)
innerv: 3rd sacral + 4th coccygeal

119
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skin + fascia -> perineal bod
* covers internal anal sphincter

== close rectum
innerv: sacral nerves

120
Q

rectococcygeus

A

continuation of sm musc fibres of rectum -> 3rd-6th coccygeal vertebrae

== anchor for rectum + caudal traction during defaecation
innerv: autonomic fibres from pelvic plexus

121
Q

general horse HL diffs

A
  1. distal to tarsus same as FL w 3rd digit weightbearing + no musc
  2. no abduction possible so gluteals only extend hip
  3. extra origin for HL retractors (biceps, semiten, semimem) = lumbosacral fascia
122
Q

horse pelvis structure

A
  • wing of ilium horizontal
  • tuber sacrale = medial projection -> sacroiliac joint
  • tuber coxae = lat projection
  • tuber ischium = caudal projection
123
Q

palpable features pelvis horse

A
  • tuber sacrale - difficult
  • tuber coxae
  • tuber ischium - deep palpation
124
Q

horse sacroiliac joint

A
  • horse has 5 fused sacral vertebrae (dog has 3)
  • joint partially cartilagenous, part synovial = has small joint capsule
  • capable v lil movement
  • softens at parturition
125
Q

horse femur proximal end

A
  • large fovea on head for attachment of ligament of head of femur + accessory lig
  • greater trochanter cr + cd parts

greater + 3rd trochanters palpable

126
Q

horse femur distal end

A
  • medial trochlear ridge/lip larger than lateral w tubercle at proximal end
  • trochlear groove has 2 parts to articular surface
    1. vertical = gliding
    2. horizontal = resting
127
Q

accessory lig

A

continuation of prepubic tendon from pecten -> groove in central pubis -> under transverse lig
* supports tension due weight abdom contents in horse

just horse, not in dog

128
Q

why are horse HL rectractors special

A

rigid vertebral column + powerful HL retractors = big propulsion thru fixed sacroiliac joint => can rear, gallop, buck, kick, jump

129
Q

hip movement horse

A

2 sets ligs + large musc mass => flexion + extension only
* dislocation uncommon + catastrophic

130
Q

patella horse

A
  • large medial projection
  • extensive parapatellar cartilage, forming hook medially
  • 3 femoro-patellar ligs: medial, middle, lat -> femoral epicondyles
131
Q

other horse sesamoids

A

no fabellae
no popliteal

132
Q

patellar locking mech

A

stifle extended = patella prox + rotated medially, engaging resting surface
* medial trochlear ridge tubercle bet middle + medial patellar ligs => joint locked (med lig hooked on tuberc)

patella moves prox then back to midline to unlock

part of stay apparatus, allows other HL rest

133
Q

stifle joint capsule compartments horse

A
  1. femoro-patellar
  2. lateral femoro-tibial
  3. medial femoro-tibial

3 + 2 no comms
2 + 1 25% comms
3 + 1 comms in most horses

134
Q

palpable landmarks horse

A
  • greater trochanter
  • 3rd trochanter
  • lateral + medial condyles
  • tibial tuberosity
  • patella
  • medial + lateral malleoli
135
Q

tibia + fibula horse

A

fibula reduced in size + fuses 1/2 way down
* distal end fused tibia asw

136
Q

horse tarsus

A
  • 1st + 2nd fused
  • 3rd tarsal bone as big as central
  • 4th projects into middle row
137
Q

tarsocrural pouches horse

A
  • dorsomedial aspect
  • plantarolateral aspect
  • plantaromedial aspect

palpable

138
Q

cranial tibial musc horse

A

lateral condyle + tibial tuberosity -> tendon insert splits
1. 3rd MT
2. medial aspect hock (T1+2) via cunean tendon

hock flexion

landmark to locate tarso-crural joint space, medial aspect distal joints

139
Q

peronius tertius

A

lat femoral condyle -> 3rd MT (w cranial tibial) AND lateral aspect tarsus
* mainly fibrous
* landmark to locate lateral aspect distal joints

== hock flexion

horse equiv of peroneus longus + brevus in dogs/cats

140
Q

hock extension horse

A

common calcanean tendon of:
* biceps femoris
* semitendinosus
* gracilis
* gastrocnemius
* soleus (only horse + cat) - tiny vestigial
* superficial digital flexor

–> calcanean tuberosity

141
Q

calcanean bursa

A

calcaneus + calcanean tendon + SDFT

142
Q

hock movement horse

A

stifle + hock must move together as reciprocate each other’s movement
* peroneus tertius + superficial digital flexor are reciprocal
* one flexed = other flexed + same for extension

143
Q

horse talus trochlea

A

angled so hock flexed = pes rotates lateral, prevent overreach injuries (where HL hits FL)

extension = pes -> midline = conc forces from stifle + hock extensor muscs => good jumping
* kick straight back w force from hip extensors, stifle extensors + hock extensors

144
Q

palpable landmarks horse distal HL

A
  • calcaneus
  • common calcanean tendon
  • metatarsal bones (cannon + splints)
  • chestnut
  • ergot
  • malleoli
145
Q

tendons/ligs pes horse

A
  • SDFT attached calcaneus - no check lig
  • DDFT = poorly developed check lig
  • long + lat digital extensors
  • suspensory lig

long digital extensor pes = common digital extensor manus

146
Q

stay apparatus horse HL function

A

to lock weight-bearing HL in extension so can rest other
* combined w stay apparatus FL
* => horse can sleep whilst standing

resting FL = lame

147
Q

key components horse HL stay apparatus

A
  • patellar locking mech (patella + patellar ligs)
  • hock reciprocal apparatus => prvention collapse it + stifle -> flexion
  • suspensory apparatus of fetlock (= PIP) - same as FL
  • MTP joint suspensory lig + distal sesamoidean ligs => prevent hyperextension
  • MTP/PIP/DIP SDFT, DDFT, check + annular ligs prevent hyperextension
148
Q

nerve supply path HL

A
149
Q

horse HL nerve supply cf dog

A
  • same nerves
  • same motor supply
  • diff areas cutaneous sensation tibial + peroneal
150
Q

functions of vertebral column

A
  • stiffen body axis for maintenance posture
  • facilitate locomotion via musc attachment: flexion, extension, torsion
  • enclose + protect spinal cord + accessory structures w/in central canal
  • protect soft structures neck, thorax, abdom + pelvis
151
Q

vertebral formula domestic animals

dog, cat, pig, sheep, goat, ox, horse

A

all sacral are fused

152
Q

vertebra typical structure

A

irregular bones

153
Q

articulation bet vertebrae

A

synovial joints of caudal articular facet sitting inside cranial of next
* variable movement depending region

154
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

cranial + caudal notch form borders for spinal nerve roots out

155
Q

intervertebral disc

A
  1. annulus fibrosis = concentric fibrous rings (collagen) attached both vertebrae => stability
  2. nucleus pulposus = central gelatinous cushion => shock absorption

=> black spaces bet vert on radiograph

156
Q

cervical vertebrae general

A
  • 7 in all domestics + most mammals
  • most varied in shape
  • C1 + 2 atypical
  • C3-7 typical
157
Q

C1

A

== atlas (most atypical)
* reduced body
* no spinous process
* large transverse process = wings = palpabe

-> occipital condyles of skull (atlanto-occipital joint) => up + down head movement
-> C2 caudally => rotary head movement (NO JOINT)

158
Q

C2

A

== axis
* 2 bodies (dens = bod of C1)
* large palpable spinous process

-> C1 = atlanto-axial joint for lateral rotation (no flex/extend) (no joint)

159
Q

C6+7

A

ventral extension of transverse process
C7 has no transverse foramen + more prominent dorsal spinous process

160
Q

cervical spine

A
  • mobile
  • flex + extend
  • lateral movement
  • disc protrusion
161
Q

transverse foramina

A
  • vertebral nerve = symp fibres stellate ganglion -> cervical region
  • vertebral artery = branch of subclavian for neck structures, vert column structs -> vert canal @ atlas -> basilar artery -> brain
162
Q

thoracic vertebrae movement

A

ribs limit motion => some flex + extend
* most movement @ thoraco-lumbar junction

163
Q

thoracic vert struct

A
  • short bod
  • large spinous process
  • transverse process reduced to accomodate ribs
  • cr + cd costal fovea => articulation w ribs
164
Q

changes in thoracic vert along spine

A

T1-10 = caudal angle dorsal processes
T11 = anticlinal vert = process short + vertical
then cranial angulation dorsal processes

T11 = good radiographic landmark

165
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A
  • longer bods
  • large transverse processes for abdom musc attachment

==> flexion + extension

166
Q

lumbar vert horse

A

v long => support GI tract

167
Q

sacral vert

A

fused = no movement, no discs => single bone
cr part -> pelvis @ sacroiliac joint

dorsal view
168
Q

caudal vertebrae

== coccygeal vert

A

1st few = small lumbar w lots movement
* also haemal arches = small bones of ventral aspect to proect coccygeal artery

vert canal disappears after 5-7
v varied from 20+

169
Q

ribs

A
  • no. = no. thoracic vert
  • dorsal bony part = costae + ventr cartilage (allows expansion in breathing) w costo-chondral junction
  • each articulate proximally w 2 successive vert
  • articulates ventrally w sternum via costal cartilages
170
Q

vertebral column ligs

A
  1. costotransverse rib tubercle -> transverse process vert
  2. intercapitular bet heads of ribs on L + R
  3. dorsal longitudinal attached loosely from C2 -> sacrum
  4. ventral longitudinal
171
Q

nuchal lig

A

continuation dorsal supraspinous lig from nuchal crest occipital bone
* elastic
* supports weight of head

  1. funicular part = cord from occip
  2. laminar part = fenestrated sheet along cervical vert
172
Q

disc protrusion

A

most common in areas w lots movement
* cervical, lumbar, thoracolumbar junction

uncommon T1-10 due strong intercapital lig + sacral bc no discs

173
Q

movement vertebral column

A

synovial joints:
* 2 cr + 2 cd articular facets per vert (cr lat + ventr to cd)

plus:
1. atlanto-occipital joint = flex + extend only due wings of C1
2. sacrum
3. coccygeal region

174
Q

occipito-atlanto-axial complex

A

combo = universal joint
1. occ->at = flex + extend
2. at->ax = lat rotation (no flex/extend due dorsal spinous process of C2)

==> full range movement w/o damage to spinal cord

175
Q

epaxial vs hypaxial muscs

A

epaxial = above level of transverse processes
hypaxial = below

176
Q

thoracic wall:

A

skin then
1. cutaneous trunci
2. superficial fascia
3. seep fascia + muscs
4. ribs
5. endothoracic fascia
6. pleura

177
Q

epaxial muscs

A

3 longitudinal musc grps:
1. Transversospinalis = medial
2. Longissimus = middle
3. Illiocostalis = lateral
=> extension vert column + lat movement

178
Q

hypaxial muscs

A
  • abdom wall muscs
  • ventral neck muscs
    ==> flexion + lat movement
179
Q

intercostal muscs

A

external = caudoventral fibres -> level costochondral junction

internal = cranioventral fibres -> sternum

==> for ribcage work as single functional unit for insp + exp

180
Q

rib blood supply

A

intercostal vein, artery (from aorta) + nerve run together down caudal aspect ribs -> costochondral junction
* intercostal art joins w internal thoracic art

181
Q

accessory inspirators

A
  1. serratus ventralis
  2. scalenus w 3 heads
  3. rectus thoracis
  4. serratus dorsalis cranialis
  5. thoracolumbar fascia

-> ribs cranially + laterally

182
Q

accessory expirator muscs

A
  1. serratus dorsalis caudalis = thoracolumbar fascia -> ribs
  2. EAO
  3. transversus thoracic = on internal thorax surface -> sternum
183
Q

inguinal canal

A

cont external pudendal artery + vein + genitofemoral nerve
* male = + testes, spermatic cord
* female = + vaginal process

184
Q

blood supply to abdom

A

deep:
1. cr abdom art
2. cr epigastric art
3. cd epigastric art
4. deep circumflex iliac art

superficial:
* cr superficial epigastric art
* cd superficial epigastric art

NSF (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions