- CNS causes: depression of drive to breath e.g. overdose - Alveoli abnormalities -Airway instructions: COPD, asthma - PNS disorders: resp muscle and chest wall weakness

Respiratory Flashcards by bella elima

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
progressive development of airflow limitation
overinflated alveoli

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Ventilation (V)

Air exchange
Inhalation and exhalation
O2 in CO2 out

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Perfusion (Q)

Gas exchange - at the capillary level, blood flow to tissues and organs

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V/Q mismatch

adequate inhalation but can’t extract O2 or bringing blood with no O2 - lead to hypoxia - lead to respiratory failure

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V/Q mismatch causes:

obstructed airway
obstructed blood flow in lungs e.g. clot

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Resp failure causes

CNS causes: depression of drive to breath e.g. overdose
Alveoli abnormalities
-Airway instructions: COPD, asthma
PNS disorders: resp muscle and chest wall weakness

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Respiratory Failure

result of one or more diseases involving the lungs
resp system can’t maintain gas exchange

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Type 1 resp failure

impaired gas exchange at alveo-capillary level due to lung tissue damage preventing oxygenation
hypoxia - low O2

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Type 2 resp failure

Occurs when alveolar ventilation is insufficient to excrete CO2 - leading to increased CO2 in blood
Increased CO2 leads to high acidity in the blood

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Hypercapnia

High CO2 levels in the blood

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Normal PaO2 range

80-100mm/Hg

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Type 2 resp failure PaCO2 range

greater than 50mm/Hg

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Type 1 Resp failure causes

asthma
pulmonary oedema
ARDS
COVID
pneumonia

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Type 2 Resp failure causes

COPD
chest abnormalities
resp muscle weakness
chronic bronchitis
emphysema

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Resp failure signs and symptoms

gradual changes in PaO2 or PaCO2
Dyspnoea
Tachypnoea
Restless
Confusion
Central Cyanosis
Tachycardia
Pulmonary hypertension
Loss of conscious

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Dyspnoea

Shortness of breath

Pulmonary hypertension

increased blood pressure in the vessels from heart to the lungs
- in an attempt to pump more O2 rich blood around the body

Pneumonia

acute infection of the lung
organisms reach the lungs through:
- aspiration
-inhalation
-homogenous spread

Pneumonia Causes

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites
chemicals

Aspiration Pneumonia

either CAP or MCAP
abnormal entry of material from month or stomach into the trachea or lungs

Opportunistic Pneumonia

people with a weakened immune system usually at greater risk e.g. HIV, chemo

Pneumonia signs and symps

fevers
chills
headaches
clammy, blue skin
Low BP ( late sign)
nausea/ vom
joint pain
Lungs:
SOB
cough
pleuric chest pain

Pleuric chest pain

sharp pain when breathing deeply

Asthma

airways narrow and well and may produce extra mucus

asthma triggers

occupational infections/ cold/ flu allergies smoke drugs weather exercise

Bronchospasm

airway muscles tighten

Vasocongestion

swelling of body tissues caused by increased blood flow

Asthma exacerbations

asthma attack airways become swollen and inflammed

Asthma attack signs and symptoms

SOB word snot scentences sitting forward to maximise disgraphm movement prominent wheeze resp rate >30 neck accessory muscle use

Respiratory Acidosis

failure of ventilation and accumulation of CO2 in the blood

Respiratory Alkalosis

low CO2 in the blood disrupts A/B imbalance caused with rapid breathing e.g. hyperventilation

Diaphoresis

Abnormal/ excessive sweating

Laryngospasm

Spasms of the vocal cords

Bronchitis

is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lung - COPD

Emphysema

the alveoli sacs lose their ability to inflate and deflate due to an inflammatory response in the body - COPD

atelectasis

the collapse of part or all of the lung caused by a blockage in the airway or by pressure on the lung