Respiratory Flashcards
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
progressive development of airflow limitation
overinflated alveoli
Ventilation (V)
Air exchange
Inhalation and exhalation
O2 in CO2 out
Perfusion (Q)
Gas exchange - at the capillary level, blood flow to tissues and organs
V/Q mismatch
adequate inhalation but can’t extract O2 or bringing blood with no O2 - lead to hypoxia - lead to respiratory failure
V/Q mismatch causes:
obstructed airway
obstructed blood flow in lungs e.g. clot
Resp failure causes
- CNS causes: depression of drive to breath e.g. overdose
- Alveoli abnormalities
-Airway instructions: COPD, asthma - PNS disorders: resp muscle and chest wall weakness
Respiratory Failure
result of one or more diseases involving the lungs
resp system can’t maintain gas exchange
Type 1 resp failure
impaired gas exchange at alveo-capillary level due to lung tissue damage preventing oxygenation
hypoxia - low O2
Type 2 resp failure
Occurs when alveolar ventilation is insufficient to excrete CO2 - leading to increased CO2 in blood
Increased CO2 leads to high acidity in the blood
Hypercapnia
High CO2 levels in the blood
Normal PaO2 range
80-100mm/Hg
Type 2 resp failure PaCO2 range
greater than 50mm/Hg
Type 1 Resp failure causes
asthma
pulmonary oedema
ARDS
COVID
pneumonia
Type 2 Resp failure causes
COPD
chest abnormalities
resp muscle weakness
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
Resp failure signs and symptoms
- gradual changes in PaO2 or PaCO2
- Dyspnoea
- Tachypnoea
- Restless
- Confusion
- Central Cyanosis
- Tachycardia
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Loss of conscious
Dyspnoea
Shortness of breath
Pulmonary hypertension
increased blood pressure in the vessels from heart to the lungs
- in an attempt to pump more O2 rich blood around the body
Pneumonia
acute infection of the lung
organisms reach the lungs through:
- aspiration
-inhalation
-homogenous spread
Pneumonia Causes
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- parasites
- chemicals
Aspiration Pneumonia
either CAP or MCAP
abnormal entry of material from month or stomach into the trachea or lungs
Opportunistic Pneumonia
people with a weakened immune system usually at greater risk e.g. HIV, chemo
Pneumonia signs and symps
- fevers
- chills
- headaches
- clammy, blue skin
- Low BP ( late sign)
- nausea/ vom
- joint pain
- Lungs:
SOB
cough
pleuric chest pain
Pleuric chest pain
sharp pain when breathing deeply
Asthma
airways narrow and well and may produce extra mucus
asthma triggers
occupational
infections/ cold/ flu
allergies
smoke
drugs
weather
exercise
Bronchospasm
airway muscles tighten
Vasocongestion
swelling of body tissues caused by increased blood flow
Asthma exacerbations
asthma attack
airways become swollen and inflammed
Asthma attack signs and symptoms
SOB
word snot scentences
sitting forward to maximise disgraphm movement
prominent wheeze
resp rate >30
neck accessory muscle use
Respiratory Acidosis
failure of ventilation and accumulation of CO2 in the blood
Respiratory Alkalosis
low CO2 in the blood disrupts A/B imbalance
caused with rapid breathing e.g. hyperventilation
Diaphoresis
Abnormal/ excessive sweating
Laryngospasm
Spasms of the vocal cords
Bronchitis
is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lung - COPD
Emphysema
the alveoli sacs lose their ability to inflate and deflate due to an inflammatory response in the body - COPD
atelectasis
the collapse of part or all of the lung caused by a blockage in the airway or by pressure on the lung
