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Nursing People with Acute Conditions > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

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1
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A
  • Cholesterol starts depositing into bits of damaged tissue creating a fatty bulge (plaque)
  • Build up of plaque on the arteries that supply blood to the heart called coronary arteries
    -Platelets cause plaque instability
    -Platelets form a Thrombosis (clot) leading to further or total occlusion of the artery
    -Obstructed coronary arteries = limited blood flow to tissues = cardiac cell death
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2
Q

Heart Failure

A

-Occurs when the Heart can’t meet the demands of the body
-Systolic HF: heart muscles aren’t pumping enough
-Diastolic HF: heart not filling with enough blood
-Impaired pump function = impaired circulation = impaored gas exchange = tissue and cell death

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3
Q

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

A

General term for conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

Angina

A

-Symptom of CAD
-Inadequate blood supply to the heart
-Causes squeezing tight pain in shoulders, arm, neck, jaw and chest

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5
Q

Stable Angina

A

-Okay at rest
-Same pattern of onset
-Provoked by exacerbation
-Relieved by GTN
-Pain 10-15mins
-Not enough blood can get past the plaque, need to decrease exertion (work)

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6
Q

Unstable Angina

A

-Plaque can rupture and burst
-Exposes plaque material to blood
-Plaque is Thrombogenic, causing blood clots to form on the ruptured plaque
-Occurs at rest
-GTN doesn’t relieve
-SOB, fatigue, indigestion
-Cardiac enzymes not usually elevated

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7
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A

-Caused by prolonged ischemia (decreased O2 supply) to heart
-Associated with sudden plaque rupture
-Can lead to Myrocardial infarction or Unstable angina

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8
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

-Heart attack
-Occurs due to sustained ischemia causing irreversible myocardial cell death
-Causes squeezing tight pain in shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, and chest
-Complications: arrhythmias, HF, Cardiogenic shock
-Can either be a STEMI or an NSTEMI

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9
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

-Occurs when the heart stops pumping blood to the body
-Normal breathing stops and consciousness is lost
-CPR, defibrillator
-There are three types: ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity

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10
Q

Arythmia

A

Irregular heartbeat is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heart
Can be too fast or too slow

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11
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

-Reduced stroke volume and cardiac output result in decreased cellular supply
-Hearts inability to pump blood
-Common causes: MI, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A

-lower chambers of the heart have an irregular/rapid heartbeat

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13
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

-An arrhythmia in the bottom chambers (ventricles of the heart)
-Can cause low BP or LOC
-Requires immediate CPR and defibrillation

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14
Q

Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)

A

-Condition where your heart stops because the electrical activity in your heart is too weak to make your heartbeat
-Cannot shock, must use epinephrine

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15
Q

Atrial Fibrilation

A

An irregular and often rapid heartbeat

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16
Q

Stroke Volume

A

-Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during systolic cardiac contraction

17
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle making it hard for the heart to pump blood

18
Q

NSTEMI -Non-ST wave elevated myocardial infarction

A

-Elevated cardiac enzyme
-Less severe than a STEMI
-Caused by a block in a minor artery or a partial obstruction in a major artery.

19
Q

STEMI - ST wave elevated myocardial infarction

A

-Elevated cardiac enzyme
-Occurs when a ruptured plaque blocks a major artery completely

20
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening or hardening of arteries caused by a build-up of plaque.

21
Q

Depolarisation

A

-Atria contracts
-Ejection of blood
-QSR wave
-SA node shoots: atria fibers depolarise
-AV node shoots: ventricle fibers depolarise

22
Q

Repolarisation

A

-Relaxation
-Filling
-T-wave

23
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute (ml/min)

24
Q

CAD risks

A

-smoking
-obesity
-lifestyle
-high cholesterol
-family history
-diabetes
-kidney disease
-hypertension

25
Q

Arrhythmia & Dysrhythmia causes

A

-age
-acute MI
-cardiac disease
-hypoxemia
-hypercapnia
-drugs/toxicity
-A/B imbalance
-electrolyte imbalance

26
Q

Ischaemia

A

lack of O2 to tissues

27
Q

Infarction

A

Total occlusion of blood vessel due to clot or narrowing causing tissue death

28
Q

ACS presentations

A

-pale
-clammy
-collapse, sweating, pallor
-pulmonary oedema
-N&V
-bradycardia, tachycardia
-hypotensive

29
Q

MI assessments

A

-previous ECG
-links between CAD, ACS, MI
-complaint? pain?
-Tachy/Brady
-Hypo/Hypertension
-prolonged cap refill
-Decreased urine output <1ml/kg/hr
-Altered perfusion

30
Q

MI Interventions

A

-ECG
-Test 4 troponin due to cardiac injury
-administer O2
-Labs: lipid profile
-CXR
-GTN
-Asprin
-elevated bed head for dyspnoea
-PCI (percutaneous coronary interventions)

31
Q

Asprin

A

-Anti-platelet
-Administered as soon as ACS is suspected

32
Q

PCI - Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

A

-non-surgical procedure
-involves opening narrow/blocked sections of arteries
-inserted in the femoral or brachial artery, opens balloon, compresses atherosclerosis plaque, dilates artery, returns blood flow.
-1st treatment for MI

33
Q

CABG - Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

A
  • A surgical procedure to divert blood around narrow/blocked parts of the arteries
    -For: failed medical management, difficult PCI access, failed PCI
34
Q

Thrombolysis

A

-STEMI needs immediate reperfusion
-stop the infarction process by dissolving thrombosis and reperfusion myocardium
-if no PCI is available in a timely manner
-decreases mortality if reperfusion is within 6 hours
-rapid and does not require cardiac catheterisation

35
Q

Cardiac catheterisation

A

tube guided through a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose/treat clogged arteries

36
Q

Pulmonary Oedema (Caused by heart failure) interventions

A

-CXR
-monitoring
-treat underlying cause
-positioning
-O2 therapy
-fluid restriction/ daily weights

37
Q

Cardiac Arrest Medications

A

-adrenaline
-amiadarone
-atropine
-magnesium sulfate
-calcium gluconate
-glycerole trinitrate
-asprin

38
Q

Thromboembolism

A

a circulating blood clot that gets stuck and causes an obstruction

Nursing People with Acute Conditions (9 decks)

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