Renal

Question 1

HHNS

Answer 1

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

-dangerous condition where glucose levels are too high

Question 2

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 2

Pancrease can no longer make insulin or the body can’t use the insulin it produces

Question 3

Insulin

Answer 3

-hormone produced in the pancreas
-lets glucose from food be absorbed into cells to produce energy
-deficiency results in hyperglycemia
-long term increase associated with organ failure

Question 4

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Answer 4

-complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones)
-occurs when there is insufficient insulin for body to use as energy so it uses fat instead
-relative or absoltue deficiency of insulin

Question 5

Ketosis

Answer 5

Metabolic state when body burns fat instead on glucose - producing ketones as a by-product (lowering blood pH)

Question 6

T1DM

Answer 6

pancreas does not make insulin, immune system attacks the cells i that make insulin
-autoimmune disease

Question 7

T2DM

Answer 7

pancreas makes less insulin than used to, and your body becomes resistant to insulin

Question 8

What is DKA characterised by

Answer 8

• hyperglycaemia
  -kyperketonemia
  -metabolic acidosic
  -dehydration

Question 9

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 9

build up of acid in the blood

Question 10

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Answer 10

abrupt decrease or cessation of GFR or kidneys stop working
-rapid onset and loss
-accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

Question 11

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Answer 11

rate blood is filtered at each minure

Question 12

Prerenal AKI

Answer 12

-factors external to kidneys
E.G.
- hypovolaemia
-decreased cardiac output (MI, arrythmias,)
-decreased renovascular blood flow (DVT, embolism)

Question 13

Hypovolaemia

Answer 13

a condition that occurs when your body loses fluid, like blood or water

Question 14

Intrarenal AKI

Answer 14

-conditions that cause direct damage to kidneys
E.G.
-nephrotoxic injury (drugs, severe trauma)
-interstitial nephritis (allergies, infection)
-result of ischaemia

Question 15

interstitial nephritis

Answer 15

tubules in the kidney become inflamed reducing kidney function

Question 16

Postrenal AKI

Answer 16

-mechanical obstructions in the outflow of urine
E.G.
-bladder cancer
-trauma
-kidney stones
-trauma

Question 17

Renal Failure

Answer 17

one or both of your kidneys no longer function well on their own

Question 18

Nephrotoxic Injury

Answer 18

-meds
-heavy metals
-insecticides
-fungicides

Question 19

Nursing Cares

Answer 19

-treat precipitating cause
-fluid restrictions
-measures to lower potassium
-sod bicard
-salbutamol
-dietary restrictions
-insulin IV
-dialysis

Question 20

AKI diagnostic

Answer 20

-history
-physical examination
-serum creatine, urea, elects
-urinalysis

Question 21

AKI signs and symps

Answer 21

-increased serum creatine
-decreased GFR
-decreased urine output
-hypovalaemia
-metabolic acidosis

Question 22

DKA nursing interventions

Answer 22

1) correcting hehydration
2) treat hypergyceamia
3) correcting electrolyte loss
4) correcting acidosis

Question 23

How do you correct dehydration

Answer 23

IVF
fluid balance monitoring
IDC
FBC
fluid resusitation

Question 24

Treating Hyperglycaemia

Answer 24

Q2H BGL
reg ABG
IV insulin

Question 25

DKA confirming factors

Answer 25

Ketones: above 3MMol/L
Metabolic Acidosis: pH lower than 7.3
Known or new DM
BSL: higher than 11mmol/L