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Path EOY - Diseases > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

primary sinusitis

A

nasal infection extending into sinuses

viral infection –> altered mucociliary clearance –> stagnated mucous –> secondary bacterial infection –> pus (mucopurulent discharge)

clear with trephination

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2
Q

secondary sinusitis

A

obstruction to drainage - cyst/neoplasia/trauma

often due to dental disease

radiographs to check cause

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3
Q

sinus cysts

A

3rd most common sinunasal disorder in horses

pressure on local tissues, thinning of bone, face deformity
obstruction to airway
abnormal respiratory noises

sinus flap surgery

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4
Q

progressive ethmoid hematoma

A

ethmoids very vascular

brown looking blood out of nose (not fresh arterial)

nasal blockage to varying degree depending on size

remove surgically if large, if small inject formalin transendoscopically to try and shrivel it

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5
Q

strangles

A

strep equi equi

very contagious and can live on fomites

inhaled –> colonises URT epithelium –> rhinitis and pharyngitis –> lymphatic spread –> guttural pouch empyema and abscess/abscess rupture

can see systemic bacteremia - abscess at distant sites

signs - fever, inappetance, lethargy, 2nd round fever, URT obstruction, dysphagia, discharge

diagnosis - nasopharyngeal swab, guttural pouch lavage, bacterial culture, PCR

treatment - NSAIDs, isolation, antibiotics only if very sick or immune compromised

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6
Q

guttural pouch mycosis

A

usually aspergillus

fungal plaques

facial nerve paralysis - runs through pouch

signs - depend on location and size of plaques
- carotid arteries - nosebleed
- cranial nerve damage - pharyngeal paralysis, laryngeal hemiplagia, facial paralysis, horners
- neck stiffness

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7
Q

laryngeal hemiplagia

A

poor performance in race horses

degenerative disorder of laryngeal nerves - affects left intrinsic laryngeal muscles
restricted airflow
increased inspiratory effort
stridor when exercising

usually ok unless exercising, can only fix with surgery

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8
Q

equine recurrent airway obstruction

A

obstruction -
neutrophilic inflammation
hyper secretion of mucous
bronchoconstriction/spasm

equine heaves/equine asthma

summer associated - pollens
ventilation and management important
allergic - dusts, moulds, fungi, mites

lower respiratory - increased expiratory effort

sub clinical - exercise intolerence
mild - occasional coughing, serous discharge
severe - persistent cough, mild tachypnoea
acute - marked tachypnoea and tachycardia, nostril flaring, proxysmal coughing

auscultation - wheezes and crackles/rales

diagnosis - tracheal wash for cytology (neutrophils), BAL - more useful, neutrophils in lower resp

treatment -
remove allergens
bronchodilators
steroids (not NSAIDs)
systemic therapy - pills

chronic condition can lead to metaplasia of epithelium

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9
Q

equine inflammatory airway disease

A

high performance animals

mostly just the same as equine recurrent airway obstruction

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10
Q

cat flu

A

herpes virus
calicivirus
bortedella bronchiseptica
chlamydia felis
mycoplasma felis

eyes - discharge, ulcers and colour change - herpes
ulcerations on tongue - calicivirus

general -
rhinitis
pneumonia

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11
Q

cryptococcus

A

fungus
most common non dermal fungal disease in cats

neoformans or gati
zoonotic

if healthy usually just goes away without signs

cutaneous, systemic and CNS forms

rhinitis
facial swelling and deformity

endoscope of skin samples - yeast with thick capsule

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12
Q

feline lungworm

A

aerlustrongylus abstrucus
less common than in dogs
baermanns

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13
Q

infectious pleural disease in cats

A

pyothorax

can be from bite wounds or penumonia bursting into pleural cavity
bacterial - lots involved - e coli, pasteurella, strep, staph etc
smelly exudate
very cellular fluid

drain - leave in to suck out as much fluid as possible
compressed lungs, will look condolidated because of all the fluid

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14
Q

feline asthma

A

allergic lower airway disease
expiratory effort - wheeze
coughing
marked respiratory effort

BAL - eosinophils

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15
Q

bronchoalveolar adenoma and adenocarcinoma

A

adenocarcinoma - common in old cats - one lesion, occasional local micro metastases
usually metastasise to digit (lung-digit syndrome) - pseudostratified epithelial tumour in toe

malignant melanoma - metastasises to lungs

thickened alveoli
dyspnoea

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16
Q

lungworm - cattle, sheep, pigs

A

ingested –> develop in lungs –> coughed up –> develop to L3 in snails –> ingested

L3 penetrate intestinal mucosae –> travel in capillaries to lungs –> develop and lay more eggs
(in pigs - earthworm)

adults found in mainstream bronchi and trachea
husky cough
stretched neck
increased RR
harsh inspiratory and expiratory noises
first grazing season on permanent or semi permanent pasture
late summer-early autumn

diagnosis - clinical signs (husky cough, auscultation and time of year pretty pathognomonic)
baermanns - may not shed larvae in early stages
BAL - eosinophils, eggs, larvae
serology - bulk milk has low sensitivity
post mortem - worms in bronchi

(baermanns and elisa prone to false negatives)

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17
Q

lungworm reinfection syndrome

A

vaccinated of caught young then get it again later in large numbers

hypersensitivty penumonia
- severe respiratory distress
- hypersensitivity lesions
- open mouth breathing
- pneumonic and subcutaneous emphysema

don’t produce L1 larvae - can’t use baermann’s
low antibody response
eosinophils and larvae in exudate
enlarge, pale, rubbery lungs (most in caudal lobes)

18
Q

ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA/Jaagsiete)

A

iceberg disease - only see most severe but they all have it
retrovirus
induces lung neoplasia
aerosol spread
looks like pneumonia, lots of fluid coming out of nose

mainly mature sheep
soughing, dyspnoea
gradual loss of condition
frothy clear liquid out of nose
sudden seeming deaths
peak in jan/feb

wheelbarrow test - fluid out of nose
US for tumours
post mortem - grey, brown firm tissue
not commercial test available

19
Q

Maedi-Visna (sheep)

A

lentivirus
iceberg
aerosol, needle cross contamination or colostrum spread
spreads to goats as CAE

mature sheep
dyspnoea
gradual loss of condition
chronic mastitis
progressive weakness –> paralysis and arthritis
death may take months

serology
post mortem - interstitial pneumonia, rib imprints on lungs, lungs don’t collpase when trachea opened, pale heavy lungs, regional lymph nodes enlarged

20
Q

lung routes of infection

A

aerogenous - inhaled - cranioventral lesion, usually bacteria

hematogenous - interstitial caudodorsal or nodular lesions, usually viruses

direct extension - penetration from something nearby, parasites or something like a stick, localised lesion

21
Q

metastasis in lungs

A

metastatic adenocarcinoma - from uterus
metastatic melanoma - from mouth (black)

22
Q

atrophic rhinitis in pigs

A

bortedella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida

23
Q

enzootic pneumonia in pigs

A

mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
cranioventral bilateral dark pink areas on lungs
broncho pneumonia
bacterial

24
Q

pleuropneumonia in pigs

A

actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
more severe signs than mycoplasma
severe fibrosis and haemorrhage

fever, anorexia, reluctance to move, respiratory distress
sudden death

25
Q

interstitial pneumonia in pigs

A

porcine respiratory disease complex:
- PRRSV
- Coronavirus
- Swine flu virus - zoonotic
- Circovirus

sneezing, coughing, respiratory distress, nasal and ocular discharge, pyrexia, loss of appetite, weakness, swollen red eyes

26
Q

rabbit - blocked nasolacrimal duct

A

watery eyes (epiphora)
inflammation in duct (dacryocystitis)
more prone to dental malocclusion

27
Q

rabbit - snuffles

A

pasteurella multocida - not all strains pathogenic to rabbits and doesn’t always cause disease

rhinitis
turbinate atrophy
pneumonia
abscess
otitis media –> head tilt

28
Q

Kennel cough - canine infectious respiratory disease complex - pathogens

A

viruses -
canine parainfluenza virus
canine adenovirus
canine herpesvirus
canine influenza virus
canine distemper virus
canine respiratory coronavirus
canine pleumovirus

bacteria -
bortedella bronchiseptica
pasteurella mulitocida
sptretococcus equi zooepidemicus
mycoplasma
actinobacteria

fungus -
aspergillus

29
Q

kennel cough - CIRD - signs

A

3-7 days after exposure
self-limiting 1-3 weeks (treat if no change after 10 days)

coughing
naso-ocular discharge
sneezing

fever, anorexia, lethargy - more severe - treat - doxycyline

30
Q

kennel cough - CIRD - pathogenesis

A

infection through respiratory tract
damage by viruses or bacterial toxins
destruction of cilia and thinning epithelium
secondary bacterial infection

31
Q

canine parainfluenza virus

A

mild
more severe combined with bortedella
cilia loss and thinned epithelium

32
Q

canine adenovirus

A

type 2 - respiratory
type 1 - hepatitis - and some respiratory

rare, vax

33
Q

canine herpesvirus

A

‘fading puppy syndrome’ - severe illness in very young/weak puppies, low body temp, passed by mother during parturition

mild respiratory in adults

34
Q

canine respiratory coronavirus

A

mild respiratory
very contagious
different from enteric type - antibodies for this no good

35
Q

mycoplasma cynos

A

only mycoplasma species implicated in dog respiratory disease

36
Q

canine influenza virus

A

usually mild respiratory but sometime die, don’t need other infectious agents for this

37
Q

canine distemper

A

in through respiratory tract –> lymph nodes –> macrophages –> systemic spread to lung, GIT, genitourinary and lymph

immunosuppression (necrosis of lymphoid organs) - secondary infections

multisystemic - diarrhoea, vomiting, anorexia

38
Q

bortedella bronchiseptica

A

commensal to URT
either commensals invade through injury made by viruses or infected from outside source

intranasal vaccine

39
Q

pasteurella multocida

A

commensal
bite wounds
opportunistic
can extend to pleural cavity

40
Q

streptococcus equi zooepidemicus

A

opportunistic
in severe cases - pyrexia, haemorrhagic lungs, nasal dischrage, sudden death
severe bronchopneumonia

41
Q

actinobacteria

A

actinomyces and nocardia - won’t be able to tell the difference
pyogranulomatous thoracic infection
red brown exudate in pleural cavity
sulphur granules - pathognomonic

rare but severe

42
Q

aspergillosis

A

nasal or systemic (immunosuppressed animals)

nasal - rhinitis, sinusitis, profuse discharge

fungal plaques destroy turbinates (eosinophilic inflammation)

common in long nose dogs (german shepherds especially)

rapidly grows in culture - PAS or grocott stain

Path EOY - Diseases (11 decks)

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