Respiratory Flashcards
primary sinusitis
nasal infection extending into sinuses
viral infection –> altered mucociliary clearance –> stagnated mucous –> secondary bacterial infection –> pus (mucopurulent discharge)
clear with trephination
secondary sinusitis
obstruction to drainage - cyst/neoplasia/trauma
often due to dental disease
radiographs to check cause
sinus cysts
3rd most common sinunasal disorder in horses
pressure on local tissues, thinning of bone, face deformity
obstruction to airway
abnormal respiratory noises
sinus flap surgery
progressive ethmoid hematoma
ethmoids very vascular
brown looking blood out of nose (not fresh arterial)
nasal blockage to varying degree depending on size
remove surgically if large, if small inject formalin transendoscopically to try and shrivel it
strangles
strep equi equi
very contagious and can live on fomites
inhaled –> colonises URT epithelium –> rhinitis and pharyngitis –> lymphatic spread –> guttural pouch empyema and abscess/abscess rupture
can see systemic bacteremia - abscess at distant sites
signs - fever, inappetance, lethargy, 2nd round fever, URT obstruction, dysphagia, discharge
diagnosis - nasopharyngeal swab, guttural pouch lavage, bacterial culture, PCR
treatment - NSAIDs, isolation, antibiotics only if very sick or immune compromised
guttural pouch mycosis
usually aspergillus
fungal plaques
facial nerve paralysis - runs through pouch
signs - depend on location and size of plaques
- carotid arteries - nosebleed
- cranial nerve damage - pharyngeal paralysis, laryngeal hemiplagia, facial paralysis, horners
- neck stiffness
laryngeal hemiplagia
poor performance in race horses
degenerative disorder of laryngeal nerves - affects left intrinsic laryngeal muscles
restricted airflow
increased inspiratory effort
stridor when exercising
usually ok unless exercising, can only fix with surgery
equine recurrent airway obstruction
obstruction -
neutrophilic inflammation
hyper secretion of mucous
bronchoconstriction/spasm
equine heaves/equine asthma
summer associated - pollens
ventilation and management important
allergic - dusts, moulds, fungi, mites
lower respiratory - increased expiratory effort
sub clinical - exercise intolerence
mild - occasional coughing, serous discharge
severe - persistent cough, mild tachypnoea
acute - marked tachypnoea and tachycardia, nostril flaring, proxysmal coughing
auscultation - wheezes and crackles/rales
diagnosis - tracheal wash for cytology (neutrophils), BAL - more useful, neutrophils in lower resp
treatment -
remove allergens
bronchodilators
steroids (not NSAIDs)
systemic therapy - pills
chronic condition can lead to metaplasia of epithelium
equine inflammatory airway disease
high performance animals
mostly just the same as equine recurrent airway obstruction
cat flu
herpes virus
calicivirus
bortedella bronchiseptica
chlamydia felis
mycoplasma felis
eyes - discharge, ulcers and colour change - herpes
ulcerations on tongue - calicivirus
general -
rhinitis
pneumonia
cryptococcus
fungus
most common non dermal fungal disease in cats
neoformans or gati
zoonotic
if healthy usually just goes away without signs
cutaneous, systemic and CNS forms
rhinitis
facial swelling and deformity
endoscope of skin samples - yeast with thick capsule
feline lungworm
aerlustrongylus abstrucus
less common than in dogs
baermanns
infectious pleural disease in cats
pyothorax
can be from bite wounds or penumonia bursting into pleural cavity
bacterial - lots involved - e coli, pasteurella, strep, staph etc
smelly exudate
very cellular fluid
drain - leave in to suck out as much fluid as possible
compressed lungs, will look condolidated because of all the fluid
feline asthma
allergic lower airway disease
expiratory effort - wheeze
coughing
marked respiratory effort
BAL - eosinophils
bronchoalveolar adenoma and adenocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma - common in old cats - one lesion, occasional local micro metastases
usually metastasise to digit (lung-digit syndrome) - pseudostratified epithelial tumour in toe
malignant melanoma - metastasises to lungs
thickened alveoli
dyspnoea
lungworm - cattle, sheep, pigs
ingested –> develop in lungs –> coughed up –> develop to L3 in snails –> ingested
L3 penetrate intestinal mucosae –> travel in capillaries to lungs –> develop and lay more eggs
(in pigs - earthworm)
adults found in mainstream bronchi and trachea
husky cough
stretched neck
increased RR
harsh inspiratory and expiratory noises
first grazing season on permanent or semi permanent pasture
late summer-early autumn
diagnosis - clinical signs (husky cough, auscultation and time of year pretty pathognomonic)
baermanns - may not shed larvae in early stages
BAL - eosinophils, eggs, larvae
serology - bulk milk has low sensitivity
post mortem - worms in bronchi
(baermanns and elisa prone to false negatives)
lungworm reinfection syndrome
vaccinated of caught young then get it again later in large numbers
hypersensitivty penumonia
- severe respiratory distress
- hypersensitivity lesions
- open mouth breathing
- pneumonic and subcutaneous emphysema
don’t produce L1 larvae - can’t use baermann’s
low antibody response
eosinophils and larvae in exudate
enlarge, pale, rubbery lungs (most in caudal lobes)
ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA/Jaagsiete)
iceberg disease - only see most severe but they all have it
retrovirus
induces lung neoplasia
aerosol spread
looks like pneumonia, lots of fluid coming out of nose
mainly mature sheep
soughing, dyspnoea
gradual loss of condition
frothy clear liquid out of nose
sudden seeming deaths
peak in jan/feb
wheelbarrow test - fluid out of nose
US for tumours
post mortem - grey, brown firm tissue
not commercial test available
Maedi-Visna (sheep)
lentivirus
iceberg
aerosol, needle cross contamination or colostrum spread
spreads to goats as CAE
mature sheep
dyspnoea
gradual loss of condition
chronic mastitis
progressive weakness –> paralysis and arthritis
death may take months
serology
post mortem - interstitial pneumonia, rib imprints on lungs, lungs don’t collpase when trachea opened, pale heavy lungs, regional lymph nodes enlarged
lung routes of infection
aerogenous - inhaled - cranioventral lesion, usually bacteria
hematogenous - interstitial caudodorsal or nodular lesions, usually viruses
direct extension - penetration from something nearby, parasites or something like a stick, localised lesion
metastasis in lungs
metastatic adenocarcinoma - from uterus
metastatic melanoma - from mouth (black)
atrophic rhinitis in pigs
bortedella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida
enzootic pneumonia in pigs
mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
cranioventral bilateral dark pink areas on lungs
broncho pneumonia
bacterial
pleuropneumonia in pigs
actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
more severe signs than mycoplasma
severe fibrosis and haemorrhage
fever, anorexia, reluctance to move, respiratory distress
sudden death
