Repro Flashcards
toxoplasmosis
cat host
zoonotic
discoloured cotyledons - strawberry looking necrosis
losses in late pregnancy, mummification, weak full term lambs
sheep and dogs mostly
dog diagnosis - serology
HPA axis
responsible for triggering parturition - oxytocin release
dysfunction -
adenohypophyseal hypoplasia - belgian blue cattle - not triggered
hyperthermia - fever - triggered too soon
important for neonate being born at right time (and right size/point in development)
SMEDI
porcine parvovirus
still birth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility
mummification causes
genetic
twinning in horses
virus - BVD, procine parvo, canine herpes
protozoal infections
placental insufficiences
emphysema
bubblewrap skin (Crepitus)
toxemia in dam
schmallenberg
misshapen limbs (orthogryposis)
necrosis in cerebellum
hydoencephaly
notifiable
stages of sexual development
chromosomal/genotypic sex -
XX or XY
XXY - kleinfelter like syndrome
X - turner like syndrome (monosomy X)
gonadal sex -
SRY - determines testes formation and important in sertoli cell differentiation
gonads form from paramesonephric duct
phenotypic sex -
appearance of repro tracts
driven by gonadal factors - testosterone and anti mullerian hormone –> regression of wolffian duct into male genitalia and accessory sex glands
anti mullerian - sertoli cells
testosterone - leydig cells
kleinfelter like syndrome
XXY
failure of testes to function properly
male tortoiseshell cats
usually sterile
monosomy x/turner like syndome
X only
physical and reproductive pathologies
short stature, micrognathia (small lower jaw) and skeletal abnormalities
phenotypically female but not oestrous cycle
underdeveloped repro tract and ovaries without follicles
paraovarian cysts
wolffian duct cyst
remnants of wollfian duct remaining when mullerian ducts develop
on mesosalpinx or broad ligament
mistaken for ovaries during palpation
true hermaphroditism
internal and external genitalia of both animals
most common in pigs but rare
pseudohermaphroditism
male more common
matching chromosome and gonad sex but mismatching external genitalia
XY, STY +ve
testicular tissue in abdominal cavity but external genitals look female
miniature schnauzers, basset hounds, persian cats
female pseudohermaphroditism
XX, SRY -ve
varying degrees of external male genitalia
administration of steroids to pregnant bitches in critical foetal development stages
freemartinism
female co-twin
sterile
varying degrees of female-to-male genitalia reversal
hypoplasia of tubular genitalia
short blind ended vagina, no cervix
ovarian dysgenesis or hypoplasia
most common
ovaries are small and lack follicular activity
ovarian cysts
paraovarian - horses
ovarian parenchyma cysts - avolulatory graafian follicles, cystic CL or subsurface epithelial structures
luteal and follicular cysts - anovulatory graafian follicles, only different degrees of lutenisation, may give persistent oestrous or nymphomania
cystic rete ovarii - guinea pigs, usually no signs but may get symmetrical alopecia, clitoral hypertrophy, nipple hyperkeratosis, behaviour change
cystic CL - may be pregnant
cystic subsurface epithelial structures - most common in
bitch, loads along surface, can lead to papillary hyperplasia or neoplasia
cystic overian disease in cattle - follicular and luteal, ovulation doesn’t happen so dominant follicle keeps growing - follicular then loads of oestrous, may produce oestrogens and androgens, luteal then anoestrous and may produce progesterones
ovarian tumours
surface and subsurface epithelial structures - adenomas/carcinomas
sex cord stromal - granulosa cells tumours (thecoma and luteoma
germ cell - dysgerminoma, teratoma
dog - epithelial most common - papillary cystadenoma - may stimulate procution of steroid hormone
horse - granulosa cell tumour common
endometrial hyperplasia
common in dogs
cystic
chronic hyperplasia –> accumulation of mucoid fluid –> mucometra and hydrometra
can be caused by exogenous progesterone sources
increased susceptibility to uterine infection - WBCs don’t swim
can be secondary to e coli
metritis
common in cow after parturition
polymicrobial, often clostridium spp
can lead to systemic toxemia signs
contagious equine metritis
horses
notifiable
stallions have no signs but can transmit
mares act as reservoir after recovery
endometritis, infertility, abortion
endometriosis
chronic, usually asymptomatic
if signs - pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, abnormal bleeding, infertility
uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma
rabbits
80% metastasise to lungs
histologically looks quite normal
leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
smooth muscle tumour
most common female repro neoplasm
pale when cut into
uterine defences
epithelium
cervical barrier
conformation
smooth muscle contraction
drainage of secretions
neutrophils
macrophages
complement
cytokines
microbial recognition molecules
humoral and cellular immunity
local production of IgA
oestrogen - stimulates immune cells
udder immune defences
teat sphincter
keratin plug
milk fliushing
lactoferrin - binds to iron so can’t be used by bacteria
lysozyme
complement
cytokines
microbial recognition molecules
macrophages
NK cells
Neutrophils don’t do well in milk
mastitis
environmental (eg e coli) or obligate mammary (staph aureus, strep agalcae) pathogens
severe necrotising/gangrenous -
gram - ve bacteria
endotoxins
massive cytokine release –> necrosis –> increased vascular permeability
suppurative -
gram +ve
pus - neutrophils
summer mastitis
granulomatous -
contamination of teats
cheesy looking
looks like tb - tb leasions further up because systemic rather than ascending
viral mastitis in goats -
CAE
retrovirus
hard dry clay udder
infected macrophages - pass in colostrum and milk
absorber through GIT mucosa
persists in cells
passes through lymphatics to lungs, udder, synovium and choroid plexus
gynecomastia
breast tissue in males
oestrogen produced tumour or adrenal disease
mammary cancers in cats and dogs
cat - rare, malignant, can reach skin and ulcerate (mammary carcinoma)
dog - common, benign
brucella abortus
Zoonotic
causes abortion, emdometritis, purulent discharge
orchitis and epididymitis in bulls
asymptomatic in non-pregnant females but can still transmit
thickening between cotyledons
diagnosis - culture on aborted fetal material, PCR or serology on milk
cull whole herd
chlamydia abortus
enzootic abortion
inflamed red placenta, custard like exudate
late pregnancy abortion, weak lambs at term
has to be in the first 6 weeks of pregnancy that the ewe gets it to affect that pregnancy, if later will affect the next years lambs
campylobaceriosis
small pale necrotic cotyledons
multifocal hepatitis
early embyronic death, abortion
spread by natural service
listeria monocytogenes
bacterial cause of abortion
usually autolysed fetus, late pregnancy abortion
salmonella dublin
abortion, enteritis, penumonia, septicemia, joint ill, encephalitis, gangrene of extremities
spread through feces
dogs and cats as well as ruminant
ZN stain
coxiella burnetti
ruminants and cats
causes abortion but can be asymptomatic
spread by handling or being blown by breeze
leptospirosis
kidney lesions
passed in urine
abortion, stillbirth, perinatal mortality, infertility, flabby bag (milk drop syndrome)
ruminants and dogs
herpes virus in dogs
abortion or death of puppies right after birth - puppies infected during birth
latent infection
puppy temperature lower so better for virus to thrive
necrosis in liver and kidneys
viral inclusion bodies
live in endothelial cells
brucella canis
zoonotic
increasing through import of dogs
transmitted through maring and to puppies in utero or in milk
aborted material very infectious
long shedding time
bronchopneumonia in aborted foestuses
feline panleukopenia
equine herpes virus
1 & 4
1 -
clear yellow liquid in thorax and pericardium
jaundice
thymic necrosis
hepatic necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies
pulmonary consolidation
abortion and neonatal death
4-
excess body fluids
few lung or liver lesions
sample spleen for virus isolation
lesions secondary to hypoxia
foal might live
ascending placentitis
bacterial (most common) - ascend from cervix - discoloured chorion, thickened with exudate on surface
fungal - leathery appearance, more chronic
inclusion cysts of testes
incidental
found at epididymal head
segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct
male mesonephric duct doesn’t develop properly
usually will still produce sperm
will eventually atrophy
can cause sperm granulomas in interstitial tissue
hyposapdia
improper closure of urogenital groove
equivalent of vaginal orifice in females
urine drips through hole
cryptorchidism
common
heritable
intra-abdominal or inguinal
more prone to sertoli cell tumours
testicular neoplasias
interstitial/leydig cell tumours - produce tesosterone
sertoli cell tumours - produce oestrogen
scrotal neoplasias
vascular hematoma and hemangiona and hemangiosarcoma
melanoma
mast cell tumour
white, bulge when cut, irregular, lobulated, firm, distorted testicle
(same with testicular)
sertoli cell tumour paraneoplastic syndrome
hyperoestrogenism
feminisation - reduced libido, testicular and penile atrophy, anemia, alopecia, perineal hernia, gyecomastia, symmetrical alopecia, metaplasia or prostate
depression of bone marrow –> secondary infection common
causes of orchitis - cattle and sheep
sheep -
brucella ovis
sheep/goat pox
pseudotuberculosis
e coli
cattle -
brucella abortus
mycobacterium bovis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
e coli
prostatitis
ascending
usually e coli
can lead to sepsis and abscess if severe
benign prostatic hyperplasia
most common prostate disroder in in tact males
increased testosterone
hyperplasia palpable per rectum
causes hematuria and preputial discharge
resolves after neutering
prostate metaplasia
metaplasia of epithelial lining of prostate
due to damage - changes to be more protective
in squamous epithelium metaplasia may occur to protect from excess oestrogen - eg from a sertoli cell tumour
prostate neoplasia
epithelial
urothelial cell carcinoma - transitional epithelium - most common
prostatic adenocarcinoma - from glandular parenchyma
pizzle rot
corynebacterium renale
inflammation and necrosis of prepuce (sheep)
bovine herpes virus 1
phaloposthitis (inflammation of penis and prepuce in bulls)
pustular vulvovaginitis and abortion in cow
respiratory disease in calf
necrotising laryngotracheitis
papillomas
warts on penis
common in horse and cattle
caused by papiloma virus
can progress to squamous cell carcinoma in horses
melanoma
grey horses
on mucous membranes - around anus and on penis
neospora
ovarian tumours
surface and surface epithelial structures - adenomas or adenocarcinomas - most common in dog
sex cord stromal tumours (granulosa cell tumours) - thecoma and luteoma - common in horse
germ cell tumours - dysgerminoma, teratoma
Equine Viral Arteritis
notifiable
spread in semen or contact with placenta or placental fluids
abortion, respiratory, carrier status
interstitial pneumonia and death in young foals
diagnosis - PCR
no treatment available
