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path eoy - diseases > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

cat host
zoonotic

discoloured cotyledons - strawberry looking necrosis

losses in late pregnancy, mummification, weak full term lambs

sheep and dogs mostly
dog diagnosis - serology

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2
Q

HPA axis

A

responsible for triggering parturition - oxytocin release

dysfunction -
adenohypophyseal hypoplasia - belgian blue cattle - not triggered
hyperthermia - fever - triggered too soon

important for neonate being born at right time (and right size/point in development)

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3
Q

SMEDI

A

porcine parvovirus

still birth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility

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4
Q

mummification causes

A

genetic
twinning in horses
virus - BVD, procine parvo, canine herpes
protozoal infections
placental insufficiences

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5
Q

emphysema

A

bubblewrap skin (Crepitus)
toxemia in dam

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6
Q

schmallenberg

A

misshapen limbs (orthogryposis)
necrosis in cerebellum
hydoencephaly

notifiable

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7
Q

stages of sexual development

A

chromosomal/genotypic sex -
XX or XY
XXY - kleinfelter like syndrome
X - turner like syndrome (monosomy X)

gonadal sex -
SRY - determines testes formation and important in sertoli cell differentiation

gonads form from paramesonephric duct

phenotypic sex -
appearance of repro tracts
driven by gonadal factors - testosterone and anti mullerian hormone –> regression of wolffian duct into male genitalia and accessory sex glands
anti mullerian - sertoli cells
testosterone - leydig cells

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8
Q

kleinfelter like syndrome

A

XXY
failure of testes to function properly
male tortoiseshell cats
usually sterile

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9
Q

monosomy x/turner like syndome

A

X only
physical and reproductive pathologies
short stature, micrognathia (small lower jaw) and skeletal abnormalities
phenotypically female but not oestrous cycle
underdeveloped repro tract and ovaries without follicles

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10
Q

paraovarian cysts

A

wolffian duct cyst
remnants of wollfian duct remaining when mullerian ducts develop
on mesosalpinx or broad ligament
mistaken for ovaries during palpation

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11
Q

true hermaphroditism

A

internal and external genitalia of both animals
most common in pigs but rare

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12
Q

pseudohermaphroditism

A

male more common

matching chromosome and gonad sex but mismatching external genitalia

XY, STY +ve
testicular tissue in abdominal cavity but external genitals look female

miniature schnauzers, basset hounds, persian cats

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13
Q

female pseudohermaphroditism

A

XX, SRY -ve
varying degrees of external male genitalia

administration of steroids to pregnant bitches in critical foetal development stages

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14
Q

freemartinism

A

female co-twin
sterile
varying degrees of female-to-male genitalia reversal
hypoplasia of tubular genitalia
short blind ended vagina, no cervix

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15
Q

ovarian dysgenesis or hypoplasia

A

most common
ovaries are small and lack follicular activity

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16
Q

ovarian cysts

A

paraovarian - horses

ovarian parenchyma cysts - avolulatory graafian follicles, cystic CL or subsurface epithelial structures

luteal and follicular cysts - anovulatory graafian follicles, only different degrees of lutenisation, may give persistent oestrous or nymphomania

cystic rete ovarii - guinea pigs, usually no signs but may get symmetrical alopecia, clitoral hypertrophy, nipple hyperkeratosis, behaviour change

cystic CL - may be pregnant

cystic subsurface epithelial structures - most common in

bitch, loads along surface, can lead to papillary hyperplasia or neoplasia

cystic overian disease in cattle - follicular and luteal, ovulation doesn’t happen so dominant follicle keeps growing - follicular then loads of oestrous, may produce oestrogens and androgens, luteal then anoestrous and may produce progesterones

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17
Q

ovarian tumours

A

surface and subsurface epithelial structures - adenomas/carcinomas

sex cord stromal - granulosa cells tumours (thecoma and luteoma

germ cell - dysgerminoma, teratoma

dog - epithelial most common - papillary cystadenoma - may stimulate procution of steroid hormone

horse - granulosa cell tumour common

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18
Q

endometrial hyperplasia

A

common in dogs
cystic

chronic hyperplasia –> accumulation of mucoid fluid –> mucometra and hydrometra

can be caused by exogenous progesterone sources
increased susceptibility to uterine infection - WBCs don’t swim
can be secondary to e coli

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19
Q

metritis

A

common in cow after parturition
polymicrobial, often clostridium spp

can lead to systemic toxemia signs

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20
Q

contagious equine metritis

A

horses
notifiable
stallions have no signs but can transmit
mares act as reservoir after recovery

endometritis, infertility, abortion

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21
Q

endometriosis

A

chronic, usually asymptomatic

if signs - pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, abnormal bleeding, infertility

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22
Q

uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

rabbits
80% metastasise to lungs
histologically looks quite normal

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23
Q

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

A

smooth muscle tumour
most common female repro neoplasm
pale when cut into

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24
Q

uterine defences

A

epithelium
cervical barrier
conformation
smooth muscle contraction
drainage of secretions
neutrophils
macrophages
complement
cytokines
microbial recognition molecules
humoral and cellular immunity
local production of IgA
oestrogen - stimulates immune cells

25
Q

udder immune defences

A

teat sphincter
keratin plug
milk fliushing
lactoferrin - binds to iron so can’t be used by bacteria
lysozyme
complement
cytokines
microbial recognition molecules
macrophages
NK cells

Neutrophils don’t do well in milk

26
Q

mastitis

A

environmental (eg e coli) or obligate mammary (staph aureus, strep agalcae) pathogens

severe necrotising/gangrenous -
gram - ve bacteria
endotoxins
massive cytokine release –> necrosis –> increased vascular permeability

suppurative -
gram +ve
pus - neutrophils
summer mastitis

granulomatous -
contamination of teats
cheesy looking
looks like tb - tb leasions further up because systemic rather than ascending

viral mastitis in goats -
CAE
retrovirus
hard dry clay udder
infected macrophages - pass in colostrum and milk
absorber through GIT mucosa
persists in cells
passes through lymphatics to lungs, udder, synovium and choroid plexus

27
Q

gynecomastia

A

breast tissue in males
oestrogen produced tumour or adrenal disease

28
Q

mammary cancers in cats and dogs

A

cat - rare, malignant, can reach skin and ulcerate (mammary carcinoma)

dog - common, benign

29
Q

brucella abortus

A

Zoonotic

causes abortion, emdometritis, purulent discharge
orchitis and epididymitis in bulls
asymptomatic in non-pregnant females but can still transmit

thickening between cotyledons

diagnosis - culture on aborted fetal material, PCR or serology on milk

cull whole herd

30
Q

chlamydia abortus

A

enzootic abortion

inflamed red placenta, custard like exudate

late pregnancy abortion, weak lambs at term
has to be in the first 6 weeks of pregnancy that the ewe gets it to affect that pregnancy, if later will affect the next years lambs

31
Q

campylobaceriosis

A

small pale necrotic cotyledons

multifocal hepatitis

early embyronic death, abortion

spread by natural service

32
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

bacterial cause of abortion

usually autolysed fetus, late pregnancy abortion

33
Q

salmonella dublin

A

abortion, enteritis, penumonia, septicemia, joint ill, encephalitis, gangrene of extremities

spread through feces

dogs and cats as well as ruminant

ZN stain

34
Q

coxiella burnetti

A

ruminants and cats

causes abortion but can be asymptomatic

spread by handling or being blown by breeze

35
Q

leptospirosis

A

kidney lesions
passed in urine

abortion, stillbirth, perinatal mortality, infertility, flabby bag (milk drop syndrome)

ruminants and dogs

36
Q

herpes virus in dogs

A

abortion or death of puppies right after birth - puppies infected during birth
latent infection

puppy temperature lower so better for virus to thrive

necrosis in liver and kidneys
viral inclusion bodies

live in endothelial cells

37
Q

brucella canis

A

zoonotic

increasing through import of dogs
transmitted through maring and to puppies in utero or in milk
aborted material very infectious
long shedding time

bronchopneumonia in aborted foestuses

38
Q

feline panleukopenia

A
39
Q

equine herpes virus

A

1 & 4

1 -
clear yellow liquid in thorax and pericardium
jaundice
thymic necrosis
hepatic necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies
pulmonary consolidation
abortion and neonatal death

4-
excess body fluids
few lung or liver lesions
sample spleen for virus isolation
lesions secondary to hypoxia
foal might live

40
Q

ascending placentitis

A

bacterial (most common) - ascend from cervix - discoloured chorion, thickened with exudate on surface

fungal - leathery appearance, more chronic

41
Q

inclusion cysts of testes

A

incidental
found at epididymal head

42
Q

segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct

A

male mesonephric duct doesn’t develop properly
usually will still produce sperm
will eventually atrophy
can cause sperm granulomas in interstitial tissue

43
Q

hyposapdia

A

improper closure of urogenital groove
equivalent of vaginal orifice in females
urine drips through hole

44
Q

cryptorchidism

A

common
heritable
intra-abdominal or inguinal
more prone to sertoli cell tumours

45
Q

testicular neoplasias

A

interstitial/leydig cell tumours - produce tesosterone
sertoli cell tumours - produce oestrogen

46
Q

scrotal neoplasias

A

vascular hematoma and hemangiona and hemangiosarcoma
melanoma
mast cell tumour

white, bulge when cut, irregular, lobulated, firm, distorted testicle
(same with testicular)

47
Q

sertoli cell tumour paraneoplastic syndrome

A

hyperoestrogenism

feminisation - reduced libido, testicular and penile atrophy, anemia, alopecia, perineal hernia, gyecomastia, symmetrical alopecia, metaplasia or prostate

depression of bone marrow –> secondary infection common

48
Q

causes of orchitis - cattle and sheep

A

sheep -
brucella ovis
sheep/goat pox
pseudotuberculosis
e coli

cattle -
brucella abortus
mycobacterium bovis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
e coli

49
Q

prostatitis

A

ascending
usually e coli
can lead to sepsis and abscess if severe

50
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

most common prostate disroder in in tact males
increased testosterone
hyperplasia palpable per rectum
causes hematuria and preputial discharge

resolves after neutering

51
Q

prostate metaplasia

A

metaplasia of epithelial lining of prostate
due to damage - changes to be more protective

in squamous epithelium metaplasia may occur to protect from excess oestrogen - eg from a sertoli cell tumour

52
Q

prostate neoplasia

A

epithelial

urothelial cell carcinoma - transitional epithelium - most common

prostatic adenocarcinoma - from glandular parenchyma

53
Q

pizzle rot

A

corynebacterium renale
inflammation and necrosis of prepuce (sheep)

54
Q

bovine herpes virus 1

A

phaloposthitis (inflammation of penis and prepuce in bulls)
pustular vulvovaginitis and abortion in cow
respiratory disease in calf

necrotising laryngotracheitis

55
Q

papillomas

A

warts on penis
common in horse and cattle
caused by papiloma virus

can progress to squamous cell carcinoma in horses

56
Q

melanoma

A

grey horses
on mucous membranes - around anus and on penis

57
Q

neospora

A
58
Q

ovarian tumours

A

surface and surface epithelial structures - adenomas or adenocarcinomas - most common in dog

sex cord stromal tumours (granulosa cell tumours) - thecoma and luteoma - common in horse

germ cell tumours - dysgerminoma, teratoma

59
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis

A

notifiable
spread in semen or contact with placenta or placental fluids

abortion, respiratory, carrier status

interstitial pneumonia and death in young foals

diagnosis - PCR

no treatment available

path eoy - diseases (11 decks)

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